Gulu la Cyano lili ndi polarity yamphamvu komanso kuyamwa kwa ma elekitironi, kotero limatha kulowa mkati mwa puloteni yofunidwa kuti lipange ma hydrogen bonds ndi ma amino acid residues ofunikira pamalo omwe akugwira ntchito. Nthawi yomweyo, gulu la cyano ndi thupi la bioelectronic isosteric la carbonyl, halogen ndi magulu ena ogwira ntchito, zomwe zimatha kukulitsa kuyanjana pakati pa mamolekyu ang'onoang'ono a mankhwala ndi mapuloteni ofunidwa, kotero limagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pakusintha kapangidwe ka mankhwala ndi mankhwala ophera tizilombo [1]. Cyano yoyimira yomwe ili ndi mankhwala azachipatala ndi monga saxagliptin (Chithunzi 1), verapamil, febuxostat, ndi zina zotero; Mankhwala azaulimi ndi monga bromofenitrile, fipronil, fipronil ndi zina zotero. Kuphatikiza apo, mankhwala a cyano alinso ndi phindu lofunikira m'magawo a fungo, zinthu zogwirira ntchito ndi zina zotero. Mwachitsanzo, Citronitrile ndi fungo latsopano la nitrile padziko lonse lapansi, ndipo 4-bromo-2,6-difluorobenzonitrile ndi chinthu chofunikira kwambiri pokonzekera zinthu zamakristalo amadzimadzi. Zitha kuwoneka kuti mankhwala a cyano amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri m'magawo osiyanasiyana chifukwa cha mawonekedwe awo apadera [2].

Gulu la Cyano lili ndi polarity yamphamvu komanso kuyamwa kwa ma elekitironi, kotero limatha kulowa mkati mwa puloteni yofunidwa kuti lipange ma hydrogen bonds ndi ma amino acid residues ofunikira pamalo omwe akugwira ntchito. Nthawi yomweyo, gulu la cyano ndi thupi la bioelectronic isosteric la carbonyl, halogen ndi magulu ena ogwira ntchito, zomwe zimatha kukulitsa kuyanjana pakati pa mamolekyu ang'onoang'ono a mankhwala ndi mapuloteni ofunidwa, kotero limagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pakusintha kapangidwe ka mankhwala ndi mankhwala ophera tizilombo [1]. Cyano yoyimira yomwe ili ndi mankhwala azachipatala ndi monga saxagliptin (Chithunzi 1), verapamil, febuxostat, ndi zina zotero; Mankhwala azaulimi ndi monga bromofenitrile, fipronil, fipronil ndi zina zotero. Kuphatikiza apo, mankhwala a cyano alinso ndi phindu lofunikira m'magawo a fungo, zinthu zogwirira ntchito ndi zina zotero. Mwachitsanzo, Citronitrile ndi fungo latsopano la nitrile padziko lonse lapansi, ndipo 4-bromo-2,6-difluorobenzonitrile ndi chinthu chofunikira kwambiri pokonzekera zinthu zamakristalo amadzimadzi. Zitha kuwoneka kuti mankhwala a cyano amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri m'magawo osiyanasiyana chifukwa cha mawonekedwe awo apadera [2].

2.2 electrophilic cyanidation reaction ya enol boride

Gulu la Kensuke Kiyokawa [4] linagwiritsa ntchito ma cyanide reagents n-cyano-n-phenyl-p-toluenesulfonamide (NCTS) ndi p-toluenesulfonyl cyanide (tscn) kuti likwaniritse mphamvu yamagetsi ya electrophilic cyanidation ya enol boron compounds (Chithunzi 3). Kudzera mu ndondomeko yatsopanoyi, β- Acetonitrile yosiyanasiyana, ndipo ili ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya ma substrates.

2.3 organic catalytic stereoselective silico cyanide reaction ya ma ketone

Posachedwapa, gulu la Benjamin list [5] linanena mu magazini ya Nature za kusiyana kwa enantiomeric kwa 2-butanone (Chithunzi 4a) ndi asymmetric cyanide reaction ya 2-butanone yokhala ndi ma enzyme, organic catalysts ndi transition metal catalysts, pogwiritsa ntchito HCN kapena tmscn ngati cyanide reagent (Chithunzi 4b). Ndi tmscn ngati cyanide reagent, 2-butanone ndi ma ketone ena osiyanasiyana adachitidwa ndi enantioselective silyl cyanide reactions kwambiri pansi pa zinthu zoyambitsa idpi (Chithunzi 4C).

Chithunzi 4 A, kusiyanitsa kwa enantiomeric kwa 2-butanone. b. Kusakanikirana kwa 2-butanone ndi ma enzyme, ma catalyst achilengedwe ndi ma transition metal catalysts.

c. Idpi imayambitsa njira ya silyl cyanide yomwe imasankhidwa kwambiri ya 2-butanone ndi ma ketone ena osiyanasiyana.

2.4 kuchepetsa kupangika kwa aldehydes

Pakupanga zinthu zachilengedwe, tosmic yobiriwira imagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati chothandizira cha cyanide kuti isinthe mosavuta ma aldehydes otsekedwa bwino kukhala ma nitriles. Njirayi imagwiritsidwanso ntchito poyambitsa atomu yowonjezera ya kaboni kukhala ma aldehydes ndi ma ketones. Njirayi ili ndi kufunika komanga mu kapangidwe ka jiadifenolide ka Enantiospecific ndipo ndi gawo lofunika kwambiri pakupanga zinthu zachilengedwe, monga kupanga zinthu zachilengedwe monga clerodane, caribenol A ndi caribenol B [6] (Chithunzi 5).

2.5 electrochemical cyanide reaction ya organic amine

Monga ukadaulo wopangira zinthu zobiriwira, kupanga zinthu zamagetsi zamagetsi kwakhala kukugwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri m'magawo osiyanasiyana opangira zinthu zachilengedwe. M'zaka zaposachedwa, ofufuza ambiri akuyang'ana kwambiri izi. Gulu la PrashanthW. Menezes [7] posachedwapa lanena kuti amine kapena aliphatic amine imatha kusinthidwa mwachindunji kukhala ma cyano compounds ofanana mu yankho la 1m KOH (popanda kuwonjezera cyanide reagent) yokhala ndi mphamvu yokhazikika ya 1.49vrhe pogwiritsa ntchito chothandizira cha Ni2Si chotsika mtengo, chokhala ndi zokolola zambiri (Chithunzi 6).

Chidule cha 03

Kusakaniza kwa cyanide ndi njira yofunika kwambiri yopangira zinthu zachilengedwe. Kuyambira pa lingaliro la chemistry yobiriwira, ma reagents a cyanide omwe ndi abwino kwa chilengedwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito m'malo mwa ma reagents achikhalidwe a poizoni komanso owopsa a cyanide, ndipo njira zatsopano monga kuunikira kopanda zosungunulira, kosagwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zamagetsi komanso ma microwave zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kukulitsa kuchuluka ndi kuzama kwa kafukufuku, kuti apange phindu lalikulu pazachuma, chikhalidwe cha anthu komanso chilengedwe popanga mafakitale [8]. Ndi kupita patsogolo kosalekeza kwa kafukufuku wasayansi, kuyamwa kwa cyanide kudzakula kukhala kopindulitsa kwambiri, kotsika mtengo komanso kobiriwira.