Gulu la Cyano lili ndi mayamwidwe amphamvu komanso mayamwidwe a elekitironi, chifukwa chake amatha kulowa mkati mwa mapuloteni omwe amapangidwa kuti apange zomangira za haidrojeni ndi zotsalira zazikulu za amino acid pamalo ogwirira ntchito. Panthawi imodzimodziyo, gulu la cyano ndilo gulu la bioelectronic isosteric la carbonyl, halogen ndi magulu ena ogwira ntchito, omwe amatha kupititsa patsogolo mgwirizano pakati pa mamolekyu ang'onoang'ono a mankhwala ndi mapuloteni omwe amawatsata, choncho amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pokonza mankhwala ndi mankhwala ophera tizilombo [1]. . Cyano woimira wokhala ndi mankhwala azachipatala ndi saxagliptin (Chithunzi 1), verapamil, febuxostat, etc. Mankhwala aulimi akuphatikizapo bromofenitrile, fipronil, fipronil ndi zina zotero. Kuphatikiza apo, mankhwala a cyano amakhalanso ndi phindu lofunikira pantchito zamafuta onunkhira, zida zogwirira ntchito ndi zina zotero. Mwachitsanzo, Citronitrile ndi kununkhira kwapadziko lonse kwa nitrile, ndipo 4-bromo-2,6-difluorobenzonitrile ndi yofunika kwambiri pokonzekera zipangizo zamadzimadzi. Zitha kuwoneka kuti mankhwala a cyano amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri m'magawo osiyanasiyana chifukwa cha mawonekedwe awo apadera [2].

Gulu la Cyano lili ndi mayamwidwe amphamvu komanso mayamwidwe a elekitironi, chifukwa chake amatha kulowa mkati mwa mapuloteni omwe amapangidwa kuti apange zomangira za haidrojeni ndi zotsalira zazikulu za amino acid pamalo ogwirira ntchito. Panthawi imodzimodziyo, gulu la cyano ndilo gulu la bioelectronic isosteric la carbonyl, halogen ndi magulu ena ogwira ntchito, omwe amatha kupititsa patsogolo mgwirizano pakati pa mamolekyu ang'onoang'ono a mankhwala ndi mapuloteni omwe amawatsata, choncho amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pokonza mankhwala ndi mankhwala ophera tizilombo [1]. . Cyano woimira wokhala ndi mankhwala azachipatala ndi saxagliptin (Chithunzi 1), verapamil, febuxostat, etc. Mankhwala aulimi akuphatikizapo bromofenitrile, fipronil, fipronil ndi zina zotero. Kuphatikiza apo, mankhwala a cyano amakhalanso ndi phindu lofunikira pantchito zamafuta onunkhira, zida zogwirira ntchito ndi zina zotero. Mwachitsanzo, Citronitrile ndi kununkhira kwapadziko lonse kwa nitrile, ndipo 4-bromo-2,6-difluorobenzonitrile ndi yofunika kwambiri pokonzekera zipangizo zamadzimadzi. Zitha kuwoneka kuti mankhwala a cyano amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri m'magawo osiyanasiyana chifukwa cha mawonekedwe awo apadera [2].

2.2 electrophilic cyanidation reaction ya enol boride

Gulu la Kensuke Kiyokawa [4] linagwiritsa ntchito ma reagents a cyanide n-cyano-n-phenyl-p-toluenesulfonamide (NCTS) ndi p-toluenesulfonyl cyanide (tscn) kuti akwaniritse bwino kwambiri electrophilic cyanidation ya enol boron compounds (Chithunzi 3). Kudzera mu chiwembu chatsopanochi, β-Acetonitrile yosiyanasiyana, ndipo ili ndi magawo osiyanasiyana.

2.3 organic catalytic stereoselective silico cyanide momwe ma ketoni

Posachedwapa, gulu la Benjamini la mndandanda [5] linanena m'magazini ya Nature kusiyana kwa enantiomeric kwa 2-butanone (Chithunzi 4a) ndi asymmetric cyanide reaction ya 2-butanone ndi ma enzyme, organic catalysts ndi transition metal catalysts, pogwiritsa ntchito HCN kapena tmscn monga cyanide reagent. (Chithunzi 4b). Ndi tmscn monga reagent ya cyanide, 2-butanone ndi ma ketoni ena ambiri adakhudzidwa kwambiri ndi zochitika za silyl cyanide za enantioselective pansi pa zovuta za idpi (Chithunzi 4C).

Chithunzi 4 A, kusiyana kwa enantiomeric kwa 2-butanone. b. Asymmetric cyanidation ya 2-butanone yokhala ndi ma enzymes, organic catalysts ndi transition metal catalysts.

c. Idpi imathandizira kwambiri enantioselective silyl cyanide reaction ya 2-butanone ndi ma ketoni ena ambiri.

2.4 reductive cyanidation ya aldehydes

Pophatikizira zinthu zachilengedwe, tosmic yobiriwira imagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati cyanide reagent kuti isinthe mosavuta ma aldehydes oletsedwa kukhala nitriles. Njirayi imagwiritsidwanso ntchito poyambitsa atomu yowonjezera ya carbon mu aldehydes ndi ketoni. Njirayi ili ndi tanthauzo lothandiza mu Enantiospecific okwana kaphatikizidwe wa jiadifenolide ndipo ndi sitepe yofunika kwambiri pa kaphatikizidwe zinthu zachilengedwe, monga kaphatikizidwe zinthu zachilengedwe monga clerodane, caribenol A ndi caribenol B [6] (Chithunzi 5).

2.5 electrochemical cyanide reaction ya organic amine

Monga ukadaulo wobiriwira wobiriwira, organic electrochemical synthesis yakhala ikugwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri m'magawo osiyanasiyana a organic synthesis. M’zaka zaposachedwapa, ofufuza owonjezereka achita chidwi nacho. PrashanthW. Gulu la Menezes [7] posachedwapa linanena kuti amine onunkhira kapena aliphatic amine amatha kukhala oxidized mwachindunji kumagulu a cyano mu 1m yankho la KOH (popanda kuwonjezera cyanide reagent) yokhala ndi mphamvu yosalekeza ya 1.49vrhe pogwiritsa ntchito chothandizira cha Ni2Si chotsika mtengo, ndi zokolola zambiri (Chithunzi 6) .

03 mwachidule

Cyanidation ndi yofunika kwambiri organic synthesis reaction. Kuyambira pa lingaliro la chemistry yobiriwira, ma reagents ochezeka zachilengedwe a cyanide amagwiritsidwa ntchito m'malo mwamankhwala oopsa komanso owopsa a cyanide, ndipo njira zatsopano monga zosungunulira zopanda zosungunulira, zopanda catalytic ndi microwave zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kupititsa patsogolo kukula ndi kuzama kwa kafukufuku. monga kupanga phindu lalikulu lazachuma, chikhalidwe ndi chilengedwe pakupanga mafakitale [8]. Ndi kupita patsogolo kosalekeza kwa kafukufuku wa sayansi, cyanide reaction idzakhala yokolola kwambiri, chuma ndi chemistry yobiriwira.