Utoto wa asidi, utoto wachindunji ndi utoto wokhazikika ndi utoto wosungunuka m'madzi. Zotulutsa mu 2001 zinali matani 30,000, matani 20,000 ndi matani 45,000 motsatana. Komabe, kwa nthawi yayitali, mabizinesi opangira utoto m'dziko langa apereka chidwi kwambiri pakukula ndi kafukufuku wa utoto watsopano wamapangidwe, pomwe kafukufuku wokhudza kukonzanso utoto wa utoto wakhala wofooka. Ambiri ntchito standardization reagents kwa madzi sungunuka utoto monga sodium sulfate (sodium sulfate), dextrin, wowuma zotumphukira, sucrose, urea, naphthalene formaldehyde sulfonate, etc. Izi standardization reagents osakaniza ndi utoto choyambirira mu kagawo kuti apeze zofunika mphamvu Zogulitsa, koma sangathe kukwaniritsa zosowa za njira zosiyanasiyana zosindikizira ndi zopaka utoto pamakampani osindikizira ndi utoto. Ngakhale kuti zosungunulira utoto zomwe tazitchula pamwambapa ndi zotsika mtengo, sizimanyowa bwino komanso zimasungunuka m'madzi, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zikhale zovuta kuzolowera msika wapadziko lonse lapansi ndipo zimatha kutumizidwa kunja ngati utoto woyambirira. Choncho, mu malonda a utoto wosungunuka m'madzi, kusungunuka ndi kusungunuka kwa madzi kwa utoto ndi nkhani zomwe ziyenera kuthetsedwa mwamsanga, ndipo zowonjezera zowonjezera ziyenera kudaliridwa.

Chithandizo cha kunyowa kwa utoto
Kunena mwachidule, kunyowetsa ndiko kulowetsa madzimadzi (ayenera kukhala gasi) pamwamba ndi madzi ena. Makamaka, mawonekedwe a ufa kapena granular ayenera kukhala mawonekedwe a gasi / olimba, ndipo njira yonyowetsa ndi pamene madzi (madzi) amalowa m'malo mwa mpweya pamwamba pa particles. Zitha kuwoneka kuti kunyowetsa ndi njira yakuthupi pakati pa zinthu zomwe zili pamtunda. Mu utoto pambuyo pa chithandizo, kunyowetsa nthawi zambiri kumagwira ntchito yofunika. Nthawi zambiri, utoto umapangidwa kuti ukhale wolimba, monga ufa kapena granule, womwe umayenera kunyowetsedwa pakagwiritsidwa ntchito. Chifukwa chake, kunyowa kwa utoto kumakhudza mwachindunji momwe mungagwiritsire ntchito. Mwachitsanzo, panthawi ya kusungunuka, utoto umavuta kunyowa ndipo umayandama pamadzi ndi wosafunika. Ndikusintha kosalekeza kwa zofunikira zamtundu wa utoto masiku ano, kunyowetsa kwakhala chimodzi mwazinthu zowunikira mtundu wa utoto. Mphamvu yapamadzi yamadzi ndi 72.75mN/m pa 20 ℃, yomwe imatsika ndi kuwonjezereka kwa kutentha, pamene mphamvu ya pamwamba ya zolimba imakhala yosasinthika, nthawi zambiri imakhala pansi pa 100mN/m. Nthawi zambiri zitsulo ndi ma oxides ake, mchere wa inorganic, ndi zina zambiri ndizosavuta kunyowetsa, zomwe zimatchedwa mphamvu yapamwamba. Pamwamba mphamvu ya olimba organics ndi ma polima n'zofanana ndi madzi ambiri, amene amatchedwa otsika pamwamba mphamvu, koma amasintha ndi olimba tinthu kukula ndi digiri ya porosity. Zing'onozing'ono kukula kwa tinthu, kukula kwakukulu kwa mapangidwe a porous, ndi pamwamba Kukwera kwa mphamvu, kukula kumadalira gawo lapansi. Chifukwa chake, kukula kwa tinthu ta utoto kuyenera kukhala kocheperako. Pambuyo pokonza utoto ndi ntchito zamalonda monga salting kunja ndikupera muzojambula zosiyanasiyana, kukula kwa tinthu kwa utoto kumakhala kokongola, crystallinity imachepetsedwa, ndipo gawo la kristalo limasintha, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti utoto ukhale ndi mphamvu komanso umathandizira kunyowa.

Kusungunuka kwa utoto wa asidi
Pogwiritsa ntchito chiŵerengero chosambira chaching'ono komanso teknoloji yopaka utoto mosalekeza, kuchuluka kwa makina osindikizira ndi utoto wakhala akuwongolera mosalekeza. Kuwonekera kwa ma fillers ndi ma pastes okha, komanso kukhazikitsidwa kwa utoto wamadzimadzi kumafunikira kukonzekera zakumwa zoledzeretsa kwambiri komanso zokhazikika komanso zosindikizira. Komabe, kusungunuka kwa utoto wa acidic, wotakataka komanso wachindunji muzopanga zapanyumba ndi pafupifupi 100g/L, makamaka utoto wa asidi. Mitundu ina imakhala pafupifupi 20g/L. Kusungunuka kwa utoto kumayenderana ndi kapangidwe ka maselo a utoto. Kulemera kwa maselo ndi kuchepa kwa magulu a sulfonic acid, kumachepetsa kusungunuka; mwinamwake, apamwamba. Kuonjezera apo, malonda a malonda a utoto ndi ofunika kwambiri, kuphatikizapo njira ya crystallization ya utoto, mlingo wa kugaya, kukula kwa tinthu, kuwonjezera zowonjezera, ndi zina zotero, zomwe zidzakhudza kusungunuka kwa utoto. Utoto ukakhala wosavuta kupanga ayoni, m'pamenenso umasungunuka m'madzi. Komabe, kugulitsa ndi kukhazikika kwa utoto wachikhalidwe kumatengera kuchuluka kwa ma electrolyte, monga sodium sulfate ndi mchere. Kuchuluka kwa Na + m'madzi kumachepetsa kusungunuka kwa utoto m'madzi. Choncho, kuti utoto wosungunuka m'madzi ukhale wosungunuka, choyamba musawonjezere electrolyte ku utoto wamalonda.

Zowonjezera ndi solubility
⑴ Mowa wophatikiza ndi urea cosolvent
Chifukwa utoto wosungunuka m'madzi uli ndi magulu angapo a magulu a sulfonic acid ndi magulu a carboxylic acid, tinthu tating'onoting'ono timasiyanitsidwa mosavuta ndi njira yamadzi ndipo imakhala ndi vuto linalake. Pamene co-solvent yomwe ili ndi gulu la hydrogen bond kupanga gulu likuwonjezeredwa, gawo lotetezera la hydrated ions limapangidwa pamwamba pa ma ion a utoto, zomwe zimalimbikitsa ionization ndi kusungunuka kwa mamolekyu a utoto kuti asungunuke. Ma polyols monga diethylene glycol ether, thiodiethanol, polyethylene glycol, ndi zina zotero nthawi zambiri amagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati zosungunulira zothandizira utoto wosungunuka m'madzi. Chifukwa amatha kupanga mgwirizano wa haidrojeni ndi utoto, pamwamba pa utoto wa ion umapanga chitetezo cha hydrated ions, chomwe chimalepheretsa kuphatikizika ndi kuyanjana kwa ma molekyulu a utoto, ndikulimbikitsa ionization ndi kupasuka kwa utoto.
⑵Wopanda ma ionic
Kuyikapo chinthu china chosakhala ndi ionic pa utoto kumatha kufooketsa mphamvu yomangirira pakati pa mamolekyu a utoto ndi pakati pa mamolekyu, kufulumizitsa ionization, ndikupanga mamolekyu a utoto kupanga ma micelles m'madzi, omwe ali ndi dispersibility yabwino. Utoto wa polar umapanga micelles. Mamolekyu osungunula amapanga maukonde olumikizana pakati pa mamolekyu kuti asungunuke, monga polyoxyethylene ether kapena ester. Komabe, ngati molekyu ya co-solvent ilibe gulu lamphamvu la hydrophobic, kufalikira ndi kusungunuka kwa micelle yopangidwa ndi utoto kudzakhala kofooka, ndipo kusungunuka sikudzawonjezeka kwambiri. Chifukwa chake, yesani kusankha zosungunulira zomwe zili ndi mphete zonunkhira zomwe zimatha kupanga zomangira za hydrophobic ndi utoto. Mwachitsanzo, alkylphenol polyoxyethylene ether, polyoxyethylene sorbitan ester emulsifier, ndi ena monga polyalkylphenylphenol polyoxyethylene ether.
⑶ lignosulfonate dispersant
dispersant imakhudza kwambiri kusungunuka kwa utoto. Kusankha dispersant yabwino molingana ndi kapangidwe ka utoto kumathandizira kwambiri kusungunuka kwa utoto. Mu utoto wosungunuka m'madzi, umagwira ntchito inayake poletsa kukopana (van der Waals force) ndikuphatikizana pakati pa mamolekyu a utoto. Lignosulfonate ndiye dispersant yothandiza kwambiri, ndipo pali kafukufuku pa izi ku China.
Mapangidwe a maselo a utoto wobalalitsa alibe magulu amphamvu a hydrophilic, koma magulu ofooka okha a polar, motero amakhala ndi hydrophilicity yofooka, ndipo kusungunuka kwenikweni ndi kochepa kwambiri. Mitundu yambiri yomwaza imatha kusungunuka m'madzi pa 25 ℃. 1 ~ 10mg/L.
Kusungunuka kwa utoto wobalalika kumagwirizana ndi izi:
Kapangidwe ka Maselo
"Kusungunuka kwa utoto wobalalitsa m'madzi kumawonjezeka pamene gawo la hydrophobic la molekyulu ya utoto limachepa ndipo gawo la hydrophilic (ubwino ndi kuchuluka kwa magulu a polar) ukuwonjezeka. Izi zikutanthauza kuti, kusungunuka kwa utoto wokhala ndi ma molekyulu ang'onoang'ono komanso magulu ofooka a polar monga -OH ndi -NH2 adzakhala apamwamba. Utoto wokhala ndi mamolekyu okulirapo ndi magulu ochepera a polar ocheperako amasungunuka pang'ono. Mwachitsanzo, Disperse Red (I), M=321 yake, solubility ndi yocheperapo 0.1mg/L pa 25℃, ndi solubility ndi 1.2mg/L pa 80℃. Disperse Red (II), M=352, solubility pa 25℃ ndi 7.1mg/L, ndi solubility pa 80℃ ndi 240mg/L.
Wobalalitsa
Mu utoto wobalalitsa waufa, zomwe zili mu utoto woyera nthawi zambiri zimakhala 40% mpaka 60%, ndipo zina zonse ndi zotulutsa, zoteteza fumbi, zoteteza, sodium sulfate, ndi zina zambiri.
The dispersant (diffusion wothandizira) amatha kuvala njere zabwino za krustalo za utoto mu tinthu tating'ono ta hydrophilic colloidal ndikumwaza mokhazikika m'madzi. Pambuyo pakupitilira kopitilira muyeso, ma micelles amapangidwanso, omwe amachepetsa gawo la timbewu tating'ono ta kristalo. Kusungunuka mu micelles, zomwe zimatchedwa "solubilization" zimachitika, motero zimawonjezera kusungunuka kwa utoto. Komanso, ubwino wa dispersant ndi apamwamba ndende, kwambiri solubilization ndi solubilization zotsatira.
Tikumbukenso kuti solubilization zotsatira dispersant pa disperse utoto wa nyumba zosiyana ndi osiyana, ndipo kusiyana ndi lalikulu kwambiri; mphamvu ya solubilization ya dispersant pa utoto wobalalika imachepa ndi kuchuluka kwa kutentha kwa madzi, komwe kumakhala kofanana ndi momwe kutentha kwamadzi kumayendera utoto wobalalitsa. Zotsatira za solubility ndizosiyana.
Pambuyo pa hydrophobic crystal particles a kumwazikana utoto ndi dispersant mawonekedwe hydrophilic colloidal particles, kubalalikana kwake bata adzakhala kwambiri bwino. Komanso, tinthu tating'onoting'ono timene timatulutsa utotowu timagwira ntchito ngati "zopereka" utoto popaka utoto. Chifukwa chakuti mamolekyu a utoto amene asungunukawo akamwedwa ndi ulusiwo, utotowo “wosungidwa” mu tinthu tambiri tomwe umatuluka umatuluka panthaŵi yake kuti utotowo usasungunuke bwino.
Mkhalidwe wobalalika utoto pakubalalika
1-dispersant molekyulu
2-Dye crystallite (solubilization)
3-dispersant micelle
4-Dye molekyulu imodzi (yosungunuka)
5-Dye njere
6-dispersant lipophilic maziko
7-dispersant hydrophilic base
8-sodium ion (Na+)
9-aggregates a utoto wa crystallites
Komabe, ngati "mgwirizano" pakati pa utoto ndi dispersant ndi waukulu kwambiri, "zopereka" za molekyulu imodzi ya utoto zidzatsalira m'mbuyo kapena chodabwitsa cha "kupereka kumaposa kufunikira". Chifukwa chake, imachepetsa mwachindunji kuchuluka kwa utoto ndikuwongolera kuchuluka kwa utoto, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti pakhale utoto pang'onopang'ono komanso utoto wopepuka.
Zitha kuwoneka kuti posankha ndi kugwiritsa ntchito dispersants, osati kukhazikika kwamtundu wa utoto kuyenera kuganiziridwa, komanso kukhudzidwa kwa mtundu wa utoto.
(3) Kupaka utoto kutentha
Kusungunuka kwa utoto wobalalika m'madzi kumawonjezeka ndikuwonjezeka kwa kutentha kwa madzi. Mwachitsanzo, kusungunuka kwa Disperse Yellow m'madzi a 80 ° C ndi nthawi 18 kuposa 25 ° C. Kusungunuka kwa Disperse Red m'madzi a 80 ° C ndi nthawi 33 kuposa 25 ° C. Kusungunuka kwa Disperse Blue m'madzi a 80 ° C ndi nthawi 37 kuposa 25 ° C. Ngati kutentha kwa madzi kupitirira 100 ° C, kusungunuka kwa utoto wobalalika kumawonjezeka kwambiri.
Nachi chikumbutso chapadera: katundu wosungunuka wa utoto wobalalika adzabweretsa zoopsa zobisika pazogwiritsa ntchito. Mwachitsanzo, chakumwa cha utoto chikatenthedwa mosagwirizana, chakumwa cha utoto chomwe chimakhala ndi kutentha kwambiri chimapita kumalo kumene kutentha kuli kochepa. Kutentha kwamadzi kumachepa, chakumwa chautoto chimakhala chokwera kwambiri, ndipo utoto wosungunuka umakwera, zomwe zimapangitsa kukula kwa njere za kristalo wa utoto komanso kuchepa kwa kusungunuka. , kupangitsa kuti utoto uchepe.
(anayi) mawonekedwe a kristalo wa utoto
Utoto wina wobalalitsa uli ndi chodabwitsa cha "isomorphism". Ndiko kuti, utoto womwewo wobalalitsa, chifukwa chaukadaulo wosiyana wobalalika popanga, upanga mitundu ingapo ya makristalo, monga singano, ndodo, ma flakes, granules, ndi midadada. Pogwiritsira ntchito, makamaka popaka utoto pa 130 ° C, mawonekedwe a kristalo osakhazikika adzasintha kukhala mawonekedwe okhazikika a kristalo.
Ndikofunikira kudziwa kuti mawonekedwe a kristalo okhazikika amakhala ndi kusungunuka kwakukulu, ndipo mawonekedwe a kristalo osakhazikika amakhala ochepa kusungunuka. Izi zidzakhudza mwachindunji kuchuluka kwa utoto komanso kuchuluka kwa utoto.
(5) Kukula kwa tinthu
Nthawi zambiri, utoto wokhala ndi tinthu tating'onoting'ono umakhala ndi kusungunuka kwakukulu komanso kukhazikika kwabwino kwabalalika. Utoto wokhala ndi tinthu tating'onoting'ono uli ndi kusungunuka kochepa komanso kusakhazikika bwino kwa kubalalitsidwa.
Pakalipano, kukula kwa tinthu ta m'nyumba zobalalitsa utoto nthawi zambiri ndi 0.5 ~ 2.0μm (Dziwani: kukula kwa tinthu ta dip kumafuna 0.5 ~ 1.0μm).