MIT-Ivy Industry ndi kampani yogulitsa mankhwala ndi mankhwala yomwe imagwirizanitsa kupanga, kugulitsa ndi kafukufuku wa sayansi. Ndi zida zapamwamba zopangira ndi ukadaulo wopanga, timasunga ubale wabwino ndi mabungwe ofufuza za sayansi ndi mayunivesite akuluakulu ndi apakatikati. Timagwira ntchito kwambiri popanga ndi kugulitsa mankhwala osiyanasiyana, makamaka pochiza matenda a Edzi, matenda a mtima ndi mitsempha yamagazi, komanso kuthandizira mankhwala oletsa kutupa. Zogulitsa za sodium azide, triphenyl chloromethane, L-valine methyl ester hydrochloride zimagulitsidwa kunyumba ndi kunja.1. Kuyambitsa mankhwala oletsa mankhwala Oletsa mankhwala amatanthauza zinthu zapakati monga zopangira, zipangizo ndi zowonjezera zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga mankhwala. Ndipotu, ndi zinthu zina zopangira mankhwala kapena mankhwala omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga mankhwala. Chithunzicho Opanga mankhwala enieni ndi mankhwala omwe amagwira ntchito ayenera kulandira satifiketi ya GMP. Mankhwala oletsa mankhwala, ngakhale amagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga mankhwala, kwenikweni ndi kupanga ndi kupanga zinthu zopangira mankhwala. Ndi zinthu zoyambira komanso zotsika kwambiri mu unyolo wopanga mankhwala ndipo sizingatchedwe mankhwala, kotero satifiketi ya GMP sikofunikira. Mankhwala ophatikizana amatha kupangidwa m'zomera wamba zamakemikolo ndipo angagwiritsidwe ntchito popanga mankhwala pamlingo winawake. Izi zimachepetsanso malire olowera mumakampani opanga mankhwala apakatikati. Chithunzi 2. Kukula kwa makampani opanga mankhwala ophatikizana ndi mankhwala Chifukwa cha kusintha kwa kapangidwe ka mafakitale, kusamutsa kupanga kwa mayiko osiyanasiyana komanso kukonzanso magawo apadziko lonse a ntchito zamakampani akuluakulu opanga mankhwala padziko lonse lapansi, China yakhala maziko ofunikira kwambiri opanga mankhwala ophatikizana ndi makampani opanga mankhwala padziko lonse lapansi. Malinga ndi Kafukufuku wa Lipoti la Kukula kwa Makampani Opanga Mankhwala Ophatikizana ndi Mankhwala ku China (2016), kuyambira 2011 mpaka 2015, makampani opanga mankhwala ophatikizana ndi mankhwala ku China ndi phindu lake lonse la zotulutsa zidawonjezeka chaka ndi chaka, ndi kukula kwa pachaka kwa pafupifupi 13.5%. Pakati pawo, phindu lonse la mankhwala ophatikizana ndi mankhwala ku China linafika pa 422.56 biliyoni yuan mu 2015, kuwonjezeka kwa 9.88% pachaka. Kutulutsa kwa mafakitale kunafika pa matani 17.2 miliyoni, kukwera ndi 10.26 peresenti pachaka. Mtengo wa makampani opanga mankhwala ophatikizana ndi mankhwala ku China udzakhala pafupi ndi 1 trillion yuan pofika chaka cha 2020. Chithunzi 3. Makhalidwe a mafakitale a mankhwala ophatikizana Makampaniwa akufunika kukonzedwa ndi kusinthidwa mwachangu: Mulingo wonse waukadaulo ku China ukadali wotsika, ndipo pali mabizinesi ochepa omwe amapanga mankhwala ambiri ophatikizana apamwamba komanso othandizira mankhwala atsopano okhala ndi patent, omwe ali mu gawo lopanga kukonza ndi kukweza kapangidwe kazinthu. Mabizinesi ena okha omwe ali ndi mphamvu zofufuzira komanso chitukuko champhamvu, malo opangira zinthu apamwamba komanso chidziwitso chachikulu chopanga zinthu ndi omwe angapeze phindu lalikulu pampikisano. Kukula kokhazikika kwa bizinesi: Opanga akuluakulu amatengera kupanga kosinthidwa ngati chitsanzo chawo chachikulu cha bizinesi. Pansi pa chitsanzo chopangidwa chosinthidwa, ubale wogwirizana pakati pa makasitomala akuluakulu ndi ogulitsa umakhala wokhazikika, ndipo mgwirizano ukakhala wolimba, kudalirana kumakhala kwakukulu, ndipo magulu ogwirizana omwe amaperekedwa ndi makasitomala akuluakulu adzakhala okhazikika. Zimatenga nthawi yayitali kusintha ogulitsa. Chifukwa chake, monga bizinesi yolimba kwambiri, makampani opanga mankhwala apakati amayang'ana kwambiri makampani odziwika bwino akunja opanga mankhwala pakadali pano. Kampaniyo italowa mu dongosolo lalikulu la ogulitsa mankhwala akuluakulu, kukula kwa kupanga ndi phindu lonse kunasunga mkhalidwe wokhazikika. Kutumiza kunja kochepa makamaka: madera akuluakulu otumizira kunja kwa makampani opanga mankhwala ku China ndi EU, North America, Middle East, Southeast Asia, ndi zina zotero. Kutumiza kunja kwa dziko lathu makamaka kumakhala ndi vitamini C, penicillin, acetaminophen, citric acid ndi mchere ndi ma esters ake, monga zinthu, makhalidwe a malonda ndi kupanga zinthu, makampani opanga, mpikisano wamsika ndi waukulu, mtengo wazinthu ndi mtengo wowonjezera ndi wotsika, kupanga kwakukulu kwa iwo kunapangitsa kuti msika wamakampani opanga mankhwala apakhomo ukhale wochuluka. Zinthu zamakono zamakono zimatumizidwabe makamaka kunja. Makampani ang'onoang'ono ndi apakatikati: makampani opanga ambiri ndi makampani achinsinsi, ntchito yosinthasintha, kuchuluka kwa ndalama si kwakukulu, makamaka pakati pa mamiliyoni khumi ndi makumi awiri a yuan. Kuchuluka kwa madera: kugawa kwa makampani opanga m'madera kuli kokulirapo, kuzungulira mafakitale akuluakulu angapo opanga mankhwala, makamaka ku Taizhou, Zhejiang ndi Jintan, Jiangsu ngati pakati pa dera. Zhejiang Huangyan, Taizhou, Nanjing Jintan, Shijiazhuang, Jinan (kuphatikiza Zibo), kumpoto chakum'mawa (Siping, Fushun) ndi madera ena omwe ali ndi mikhalidwe yabwino yopangira mankhwala ophatikizana akukula mwachangu kwambiri. Kusintha mwachangu kwa mankhwala: chinthu nthawi zambiri chimakhala pamsika patatha zaka 3 mpaka 5, phindu lake lidzatsika kwambiri, zomwe zimakakamiza mabizinesi kuti apange zinthu zatsopano nthawi zonse kapena kukonza njira zopangira, kuti asunge phindu lalikulu. Mpikisano waukulu: chifukwa phindu lopanga mankhwala ophatikizana ndi apamwamba kuposa a mankhwala, ndipo njira yopangira awiriwa ndi yofanana, mabizinesi ang'onoang'ono ambiri a mankhwala amalowa nawo kupanga mankhwala ophatikizana, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti mpikisano ukhale wovuta kwambiri m'makampani.4. Mitundu ya mankhwala ophatikizana Pali mitundu yambiri ya mankhwala ophatikizana, kuphatikizapo cephalosporin intermediates, amino acid protectant series, vitamini intermediates, quinolone intermediates, ndi mitundu ina ya mankhwala ophatikizana, monga mankhwala ophera tizilombo toyambitsa matenda, mankhwala ophera matenda a khunyu, fluoropyridine intermediates, steroid pharmaceutical intermediates, ndi zina zotero. Malinga ndi momwe amagwiritsidwira ntchito, amatha kugawidwa m'magulu ophatikizana a mankhwala ophera tizilombo, mankhwala ophera tizilombo komanso ochepetsa ululu, mankhwala ophera tizilombo toyambitsa matenda, mankhwala ophera khansa ndi zina zotero. Pakadali pano, pali zinthu zambirimbiri zopangira mankhwala, ndipo nthawi zonse amapanga zinthu zatsopano, ndikupanga mafakitale ambiri abwino a molekyulu mumakampani opanga mankhwala. Pali mitundu yambiri ya mankhwala ophatikizana. Monga imidazole, furan, phenolic intermediates, aromatic intermediates, pyrrole, pyridine, biochemical reagents, sulfure, nitrogen, halogen compounds, heterocyclic compounds, microcrystalline cellulose, starch, mannitol, lactose, dextrin, ethylene glycol, ufa shuga, inorganic salts, ethanol intermediates, stearic acid, amino acid ndi ethanol amine salt, sylvite, sodium salt ndi zina zosakaniza ndi zina zotero. Chithunzi 5. Patent CliffKuyambira mu 2000, msika wapadziko lonse wa mankhwala opangidwa ndi ma generic wapitiliza kukula mofulumira kuposa msika wonse wa mankhwala, ukukulira mofulumira kuposa mankhwala okhala ndi patent. Msika wapadziko lonse wa mankhwala opangidwa ndi ma generic ukuyembekezeka kufika $180 biliyoni mu 2013, ndipo CAGR ya msika wapadziko lonse wa mankhwala opangidwa ndi ma generic kuyambira 2005 mpaka 2013 ikuyembekezeka kufika 14.7%. Msika wapadziko lonse wa mankhwala opangidwa ndi ma generic ukuyembekezeka kukula ndi 10% mpaka 14% m'zaka zisanu zikubwerazi, mofulumira kwambiri kuposa kukula kwa 4% mpaka 6% komwe kumayembekezeredwa kwa makampani onse opanga mankhwala. Titha kunena kuti chitukuko cha msika wa mankhwala opangidwa ndi ma generic chidzalimbikitsa chitukuko cha makampani apakati opanga mankhwala.Kuyambira 2010 mpaka 2020, msika wapadziko lonse wa mankhwala udzabweretsa mafunde amphamvu a kutha kwa Patent, pakati pawo, kuyambira 2013 mpaka 2020, mitundu yonse ya kutha kwa Patent idzakhala pafupifupi 200 pachaka, yomwe imadziwika kuti "Patent Cliff" padziko lonse lapansi.Mu 2014, padzakhala pachimake cha mankhwala opangidwa ndi ma patent. Kutha ntchito kwa mankhwala, komwe kudzakhala pachimake mu 2014, ndi mankhwala onse okwana 326 omwe ali ndi patent akutha ntchito. 2010 ndi 2017 ndi zaka ziwiri zomwe zinali pachimake, ndipo mankhwala okwana 205 ndi 242 omwe ali ndi patent akutha ntchito motsatana. Mankhwala omwe atha ntchito makamaka ndi oletsa matenda opatsirana, endocrine, mitsempha ndi matenda a mtima, okhala ndi msika waukulu. Kutha ntchito kwakukulu kwa mankhwala opangidwa ndi patent akunja kudzabweretsa zinthu zatsopano kumakampani opanga mankhwala ku China. Chifukwa mankhwala opangidwa ndi patent atatha ntchito, kupanga mankhwala opangidwa ndi generic kudzawonjezeka, zomwe zidzapangitsa kuti kufunika kwa mankhwala opangidwa ndi patent kukule kwambiri. Chithunzi 6. Kupsinjika kwa chilengedwe China kale ndi dziko lotumiza kunja kwambiri kwa zinthu zosinthira za API, komanso choipitsa chachikulu. Opanga mankhwala apakatikati ndi amakampani opanga mankhwala abwino, padzakhala chiopsezo chofanana cha kuipitsa. Malinga ndi ziwerengero kuchokera ku Unduna wa Zachilengedwe, phindu lonse la makampani opanga mankhwala am'nyumba ndi lochepera 3 peresenti ya GDP ya dzikolo, koma kuchuluka kwa mpweya woipa kumafika 6 peresenti. Pakati pa mitundu yonse ya mankhwala, API yomwe imayimiridwa makamaka ndi mavitamini ndi penicillin ndi yamakampani opanga kuipitsa kwambiri komanso kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zambiri, zomwe zimaipitsa mpweya ndi madzi kwambiri. Mogwirizana ndi kutumizidwa kwa Unduna wa Zachilengedwe, pa February 15, 2017, gulu loyang'anira lapadera la mpweya mu kotala loyamba la 2017 linalengeza kuti kuyendetsedwa kwa mpweya ku Shijiazhuang sikunakhazikitsidwe, ndipo boma la boma lidali lokhazikika makamaka kwa ogwira ntchito ku Environmental Protection Bureau pakukhazikitsa dongosolo ladzidzidzi la kuipitsa kwambiri nyengo, pomwe madipatimenti ena sanachite nawo kwambiri. Kuipitsa kwa makampani ang'onoang'ono ndi apakatikati omwe amapanga zinthu zosinthira za mankhwala ku Shijiazhuang ndi koopsa. Makampani opanga mankhwala Pogwiritsa ntchito ukadaulo wakale, makampani opanga mankhwala achikhalidwe omwe amapanga kuipitsa kwambiri, kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zambiri komanso zinthu zochepa zowonjezera (monga penicillin, mavitamini, ndi zina zotero) adzakumana ndi mavuto ofulumira. Kutsatira njira zatsopano komanso kupanga ukadaulo wobiriwira wa mankhwala kwakhala njira yopititsira patsogolo chitukuko cha makampani opanga mankhwala. Chithunzichi
7. Atsogoleri a mafakitale
makampani a mit-ivy
Kampani ya Zhejiang NHU Ltd.Plo Co., Ltd
Lianhe Chemical Technology Co., Ltd. Anhui Bayi Chemical Co. LtdZhejiang Huahai Pharmaceutical Co. LtdZhejiang Hisoar Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. Jiangsu Jiujiu Technology Co., LtdFederal pharmaceutical (chengdu) co., LTDZhejiang Yongtai Technology Co., Ltd. Suzhou Tianma Specialty Chemicals Co., Ltd.