Makampani opanga mankhwala abwino ndi dzina lalikulu la makampani opanga mankhwala abwino, omwe amatchedwa "mankhwala abwino", ndipo zinthu zake zimatchedwanso mankhwala abwino kapena mankhwala apadera.

Kampani yapakati ya mankhwala abwino ili kumapeto kwa makampani opanga mankhwala abwino. Ntchito yake yayikulu ndikupitiliza kupanga mankhwala abwino. Ntchito zake zoyambira ndi monga: zipangizo zomwe zimakhudzidwa ndi kutentha, mapulasitiki apadera, zinthu zothandizira kusindikiza ndi kupaka utoto, mankhwala a chikopa, ma polima apamwamba komanso mankhwala ophera tizilombo, utoto wothandiza, ndi zina zotero.

Makampani apakati a mafakitale a mankhwala abwino amadziwika ndi kafukufuku wachangu ndi chitukuko, kuchuluka kochepa kwa chinthu chimodzi, komanso kulumikizana kwamphamvu kwa ukadaulo wopanga zinthu zokhudzana nazo.
Kuchokera pamalingaliro a chitukuko cha zinthu zakale m'makampani, kugwiritsa ntchito zinthu zapakati kukatsimikizika, liwiro lokwezedwa pamsika lidzakhala lachangu kwambiri.

Chifukwa cha ukadaulo wovuta wopanga, njira yayitali komanso kusintha mwachangu kwa mankhwala ophera tizilombo, mankhwala ndi mankhwala ena abwino, palibe kampani yomwe ingasunge phindu la mtengo wake pakupanga, kupanga, ndi kugulitsa.

Makampani apadziko lonse lapansi amagwiritsa ntchito bwino chuma chapadziko lonse lapansi, motero, kuchuluka kwa ndalama, kusintha malo, kasinthidwe, chuma cha unyolo wa mafakitale, kuyang'ana kwambiri pa kafukufuku ndi chitukuko ndi malonda, ndikusamutsa unyolo wa mafakitale kumayiko omwe ali ndi phindu la mtengo komanso maziko aukadaulo, monga China, India kenako opangidwa m'maiko awa amayang'ana kwambiri makampani opanga zinthu zapakatikati.

Poyamba pa chitukuko cha mafakitale, China inkangopanga zinthu zochepa chabe, ndipo zokolola zake sizikanatha kukwaniritsa zosowa zapakhomo.

Popeza kuti makampani opanga mankhwala abwino akhala akuthandiza kwambiri m'zaka zaposachedwapa, kuyambira kafukufuku wa sayansi mpaka kupanga ndi kugulitsa mafakitale apakati ku China kwapanga dongosolo lathunthu, limatha kupanga zinthu zapakati monga mankhwala osakaniza, utoto, mankhwala ophera tizilombo m'magulu 36, mitundu yoposa 40000 ya zinthu zapakati, kuwonjezera pa kukwaniritsa zosowa zapakhomo, komanso kuchuluka kwa zinthu zotumizidwa kunja padziko lonse lapansi m'maiko ndi m'madera oposa 30.

Kutumiza kunja kwa China kwa zinthu zapakatikati pachaka kumaposa matani 5 miliyoni, ndipo kwakhala chinthu chachikulu kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi chomwe chimapanga ndi kutumiza kunja.

M'zaka zaposachedwapa, makampani opanga utoto ku China akukula mofulumira, ndipo akhala opanga utoto waukulu kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi, akutsogolera pa chuma, kumtunda ndi pansi pa unyolo wa mafakitale, mayendedwe ndi zoyendera, zida zoteteza chilengedwe ndi zina, ndi kukula kwa msika.

Komabe, chifukwa cha kukwera kwa mphamvu zachilengedwe, opanga ambiri ang'onoang'ono ndi apakatikati sangathe kupitiriza kupanga ndi kugwira ntchito bwino chifukwa cha kusakwanira kwa mphamvu zowongolera kuipitsa, ndipo nthawi zonse amaletsa kupanga, kuyimitsa kupanga kapena kutseka kwathunthu. Mpikisano wamsika umasintha pang'onopang'ono kuchoka pa mpikisano wosakhazikika kupita ku opanga akuluakulu apamwamba.

Kugwirizana kwa unyolo wa mafakitale kumawonekera m'makampani. Makampani akuluakulu opaka utoto pang'onopang'ono amafika ku makampani opaka utoto omwe ali pansi, pomwe makampani akuluakulu opaka utoto amafika ku makampani opaka utoto omwe ali pamwamba.

Kuphatikiza apo, zinthu zopangira utoto zimaphatikizapo zinthu zosiyanasiyana, opanga ambiri ali ndi zinthu zawo zapadera zapakati, ngati pali ukadaulo wapamwamba wopanga mu chinthu chimodzi, mphamvu yogulira zinthu mumakampani pa chinthu chimodzi ikhoza kuwonjezeka kwambiri.

Oyendetsa mafakitale

(1) Mwayi wabwino wosinthira makampani opanga mankhwala padziko lonse lapansi
Ndi kukonzedwa kosalekeza kwa magawo a ntchito zamafakitale padziko lonse lapansi, unyolo wa mafakitale amakampani opanga mankhwala abwino wawonekeranso ngati magawo a magawo a ntchito.
Ukadaulo wonse wabwino wamakampani opanga mankhwala, ulalo wautali, liwiro losintha, ngakhale makampani akuluakulu apadziko lonse lapansi opanga mankhwala sangathe kudziwa bwino kafukufuku ndi chitukuko chonse komanso kupanga ukadaulo wonse ndi ulalo, chifukwa chake, makampani ambiri opanga mankhwala abwino amayang'ana kwambiri kuyambira "m'malo mwa" pang'onopang'ono kupita ku "ang'onoang'ono koma abwino", amayesetsa kukulitsa malo ake mu unyolo wamakampani.
Pofuna kupititsa patsogolo luso la ndalama, cholinga chake ndi kupititsa patsogolo mpikisano wamkati, kusintha liwiro la mayankho pamsika, kukonza bwino kugawa kwa zinthu ndi makampani akuluakulu a mankhwala kuti asinthe, kusintha, ndi kugawa zinthu za unyolo wamakampani, ndipo cholinga chachikulu cha njira yogulitsira zinthu ndi kufufuza komaliza ndi chitukuko cha msika, komanso kupanga maulalo amodzi kapena angapo ku bizinesi yotsogola kwambiri, yoyerekeza ndi yabwino kwambiri yopangira zinthu zapakati.

Kusamutsa makampani opanga mankhwala abwino padziko lonse lapansi kwabweretsa mwayi waukulu pakukula kwa makampani opanga mankhwala abwino aku China.

(2) Chithandizo champhamvu kuchokera ku mfundo za mafakitale zadziko
China nthawi zonse yakhala ikupereka kufunika kwakukulu pakukula kwa mafakitale a mankhwala abwino. Buku la Guideline Catalog for Industrial Restructuring (2011 edition) (Amendment) loperekedwa ndi National Development and Reform Commission pa February 16, 2013 linalemba kupanga utoto ndi zinthu zina zoyeretsera utoto ngati ukadaulo womwe ukulimbikitsidwa ndi boma.
"Zosankha zovuta kwambiri - komanso zotsatirapo zazikulu - pokonzekera" adapereka lingaliro la "kugwiritsa ntchito kupanga koyera ndi ukadaulo wina wapamwamba kuti akweze zida zopangira zomwe zilipo, kuchepetsa kugwiritsa ntchito, kuchepetsa mpweya woipa, kukonza luso la mpikisano wonse komanso luso lokhazikika la chitukuko" ndi "kulimbitsa utoto ndi zinthu zomwe zimagwirizana nazo zaukadaulo wopanga woyera komanso zogwiritsidwa ntchito patsogolo" zinyalala zitatu "kafukufuku waukadaulo wochiza ndi chitukuko ndi kugwiritsa ntchito, kukonza ukadaulo wogwiritsa ntchito utoto ndi wothandiza, kukweza mulingo wa ntchito mumakampani opanga utoto".
Makampani opanga utoto wabwino wa mankhwala apakatikati a bizinesi yayikulu ya kampaniyo ndi gawo la chithandizo cha mfundo zadziko lonse zamafakitale, zomwe zithandizira chitukuko cha makampaniwa pamlingo winawake.

(3) Makampani opanga mankhwala abwino ku China ali ndi mwayi waukulu wopikisana nawo
Pamene kugawikana kwa ntchito ndi mafakitale padziko lonse lapansi kukukulirakulira, poyerekeza ndi mayiko otukuka, mayiko omwe akutukuka, makamaka China, adzawonetsa zabwino zambiri pamitengo, kuphatikizapo:
Ubwino wa ndalama zomwe zagwiritsidwa ntchito poika ndalama: Pambuyo pa zaka zambiri za chitukuko, China yakhazikitsa njira yamafakitale yokhwima. Mtengo wogulira zida zamakemikolo, kukhazikitsa, kumanga ndi zina ndi wotsika poyerekeza ndi wa mayiko otukuka.
Ubwino wa mtengo wa zinthu zopangira: Zipangizo zazikulu zopangira mankhwala ku China zakwanitsa kudzidalira komanso ngakhale kuchuluka kwa zinthu zomwe zaperekedwa, zitha kutsimikizira kupezeka kwa zinthu zopangira zotsika mtengo;
Phindu la ndalama zogwirira ntchito: Poyerekeza ndi mayiko otukuka, ogwira ntchito ku China komanso ogwira ntchito m'mafakitale amalipira kusiyana kwakukulu ndi mayiko otukuka.

(4) Miyezo yoteteza zachilengedwe ikukhwima kwambiri ndipo mabizinesi osagwira ntchito bwino akuchotsedwa
Malo abwino okhala ndi chilengedwe ndi chimodzi mwa zinthu zofunika kwambiri kuti chuma cha dziko chikhale chokhazikika. M'zaka zaposachedwapa, boma lapereka malamulo apamwamba okhudza kuteteza chilengedwe komanso miyezo yokhwima kwambiri yoteteza chilengedwe.
Madzi otayira, mpweya woipa, ndi zinyalala zolimba zomwe zimapangidwa popanga mankhwala abwino zidzakhudza kwambiri chilengedwe. Chifukwa chake, makampani opanga mankhwala abwino ayenera kusamala kwambiri za kuteteza chilengedwe, kuwongolera bwino kuipitsa komwe kulipo, ndikukhazikitsa mosamala miyezo yoyenera ya dziko yotulutsa mpweya.
Kuwongolera zofunikira pa kuteteza chilengedwe kumathandiza makampani opanga mankhwala kuti alimbikitse kafukufuku ndi chitukuko cha zinthu zosawononga chilengedwe, kukulitsa mpikisano wa zinthu, kuchotsa mabizinesi osagwira ntchito bwino, kuti makampaniwa akhale ndi mpikisano wokonzedwa bwino.