Kulimbitsa njira yolimba

1. Tanthauzo

Chochitika chomwe zinthu zosakaniza zimasungunuka mu chitsulo choyambira kuti zipangitse kusokonekera kwa latisi pang'ono ndikuwonjezera mphamvu ya alloy.

2. Mfundo yaikulu

Maatomu osungunuka omwe amasungunuka mu yankho lolimba amachititsa kusokonekera kwa lattice, komwe kumawonjezera kukana kwa kusuntha kwa dislocation, kumapangitsa kutsetsereka kukhala kovuta, komanso kumawonjezera mphamvu ndi kuuma kwa yankho lolimba la alloy. Chochitika ichi cholimbitsa chitsulo posungunula chinthu china chosungunuka kuti chipange yankho lolimba chimatchedwa kulimbitsa yankho lolimba. Pamene kuchuluka kwa maatomu osungunuka kuli koyenera, mphamvu ndi kuuma kwa zinthuzo kumatha kuwonjezeka, koma kulimba kwake ndi pulasitiki yake zachepa.

3. Zinthu zomwe zimakhudza

Gawo la atomu la maatomu osungunuka likakwera, mphamvu yolimbitsa imakhala yayikulu, makamaka pamene gawo la atomu lili lochepa kwambiri, mphamvu yolimbitsa imakhala yofunika kwambiri.

Kusiyana kwakukulu pakati pa maatomu a solute ndi kukula kwa atomu ya chitsulo choyambira, mphamvu yolimbitsa imakulanso.

Maatomu a interstitial solute ali ndi mphamvu yolimbitsa yankho lolimba kwambiri kuposa maatomu olowa m'malo, ndipo chifukwa chakuti kusokonekera kwa maatomu a interstitial m'makristalo a cubic ozungulira thupi sikufanana, mphamvu yawo yolimbitsa ndi yayikulu kuposa ya makristaro a cubic ozungulira nkhope; koma maatomu a interstitial Kusungunuka kolimba ndi kochepa kwambiri, kotero mphamvu yeniyeni yolimbitsa nayonso ndi yochepa.

Kusiyana kwakukulu kwa chiwerengero cha ma elekitironi a valence pakati pa maatomu a solute ndi chitsulo choyambira, ndiko kuti, mphamvu yolimbitsa yankho lolimba imawonjezeka ndi kuwonjezeka kwa kuchuluka kwa ma elekitironi a valence.

4. Mlingo wa kulimbitsa yankho lolimba umadalira makamaka zinthu zotsatirazi

Kusiyana kwa kukula pakati pa maatomu a matrix ndi maatomu a solute. Kusiyana kwakukulu kwa kukula, kusokoneza kwakukulu kwa kapangidwe ka kristalo koyambirira, ndipo kumakhala kovuta kwambiri kuti dislocation slip ichitike.

Kuchuluka kwa zinthu zophatikiza. Zinthu zophatikiza zikawonjezedwa, mphamvu yolimbitsa imakula. Ngati maatomu ambiri ndi akulu kwambiri kapena ang'onoang'ono kwambiri, kusungunuka kudzapitirira. Izi zikuphatikizapo njira ina yolimbikitsira, kulimbitsa gawo logawanika.

Maatomu osungunuka a interstitial ali ndi mphamvu yolimbitsa yankho lolimba kuposa maatomu olowa m'malo.

Kusiyana kwakukulu kwa chiwerengero cha ma elekitironi a valence pakati pa maatomu a solute ndi chitsulo choyambira, ndikofunikanso kwambiri kulimbitsa yankho lolimba.

5. Zotsatira

Mphamvu yotulutsa, mphamvu yokoka ndi kuuma kwake ndi zamphamvu kuposa zitsulo zoyera;

Nthawi zambiri, mphamvu ya ductility imakhala yotsika kuposa ya chitsulo choyera;

Mphamvu ya conductivity ndi yotsika kwambiri kuposa yachitsulo choyera;

Kukana kugwedezeka, kapena kutaya mphamvu pa kutentha kwakukulu, kungawongoleredwe mwa kulimbitsa yankho lolimba.

Kulimbitsa ntchito

1. Tanthauzo

Pamene kuzizira kukuchulukirachulukira, mphamvu ndi kuuma kwa zinthu zachitsulo kumawonjezeka, koma kusinthasintha ndi kulimba kumachepa.

2. Chiyambi

Chochitika chomwe mphamvu ndi kuuma kwa zinthu zachitsulo zimawonjezeka zikamawonongeka ndi pulasitiki pansi pa kutentha kwa recrystallization, pomwe plasticity ndi kulimba zimachepa. Chomwe chimadziwikanso kuti cold work hardening. Chifukwa chake ndichakuti chitsulo chikawonongeka ndi pulasitiki, tinthu ta kristalo timatuluka ndikusokonekera, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti tinthu ta kristalo titalikirane, tisweke, ndikukhala ndi ulusi, ndipo kupsinjika kotsala kumachitika muchitsulocho. Mlingo wa kuuma kwa ntchito nthawi zambiri umawonetsedwa ndi chiŵerengero cha kuuma pang'ono kwa pamwamba pambuyo pokonza ndi kuuma kwake musanakonze ndi kuya kwa wosanjikiza wolimba.

3. Kutanthauzira kuchokera ku lingaliro la chiphunzitso cha dislocation

(1) Kukumana kumachitika pakati pa kusokonekera kwa malo, ndipo kudulidwa komwe kumachitika kumalepheretsa kuyenda kwa kusokonezeka kwa malo;

(2) Kuchitika kwa zinthu kumachitika pakati pa kusokonekera kwa malo, ndipo kusokonekera kokhazikika komwe kwapangidwa kumalepheretsa kuyenda kwa kusokonezeka kwa malo;

(3) Kuchulukana kwa kusokonekera kwa malo kumachitika, ndipo kuchuluka kwa kusokonezeka kwa malo kumawonjezeranso kukana kusuntha kwa kusokonezeka.

4. Kuvulaza

Kulimitsa ntchito kumabweretsa zovuta pakukonza ziwalo zachitsulo. Mwachitsanzo, pakuzungulira mbale yachitsulo mozizira, imakhala yovuta kwambiri kuyizungulira, kotero ndikofunikira kukonza kulowetsedwa kwapakati panthawi yokonza kuti ntchito yake isakhale yolimba poitenthetsa. Chitsanzo china ndikupangitsa pamwamba pa workpiece kukhala yolimba komanso yofewa panthawi yodula, motero kufulumizitsa kuwonongeka kwa zida ndikuwonjezera mphamvu yodulira.

5. Ubwino

Zingathe kulimbitsa mphamvu, kuuma ndi kukana kukalamba kwa zitsulo, makamaka pa zitsulo zoyera ndi zinthu zina zomwe sizingawongoleredwe ndi kutentha. Mwachitsanzo, waya wachitsulo wolimba kwambiri wokokedwa ndi ozizira komanso kasupe wozizira, ndi zina zotero, zimagwiritsa ntchito kusintha kwa ntchito yozizira kuti ziwongolere mphamvu zake komanso malire ake otanuka. Chitsanzo china ndi kugwiritsa ntchito kuuma kwa ntchito kuti ziwongolere kuuma ndi kukana kukalamba kwa matanki, njanji za thirakitala, nsagwada zophwanyira ndi njira zoyendetsera njanji.

6. Udindo mu uinjiniya wamakina

Pambuyo pojambula mozizira, kupukuta ndi kuwombera (onani kulimbitsa pamwamba) ndi njira zina, mphamvu ya pamwamba pa zinthu zachitsulo, zigawo ndi zigawo zake imatha kukwera kwambiri;

Zigawo zikakanikizidwa, kupsinjika kwa zigawo zina nthawi zambiri kumapitirira malire a zokolola za zinthuzo, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti pulasitiki isinthe. Chifukwa cha kuuma kwa ntchito, kupitilizabe kwa kusintha kwa pulasitiki kumakhala kochepa, zomwe zingathandize kuti zigawo ndi zigawo zake zikhale zotetezeka;

Pamene gawo lachitsulo kapena gawo lachitsulo lasindikizidwa, kusintha kwake kwa pulasitiki kumaphatikizidwa ndi kulimba, kotero kuti kusinthako kumasamutsidwira ku gawo lolimba lomwe silinagwiritsidwe ntchito mozungulira. Pambuyo pa zochitika zobwerezabwereza zotere, magawo ozizira osindikizidwa okhala ndi kusintha kofanana kwa magawo amatha kupezeka;

Zingathandize kuti chitsulo chopanda mpweya chizigwira ntchito bwino komanso kuti chitsulocho chizigwira ntchito mosavuta. Koma kulimbitsa ntchito kumabweretsanso mavuto pa ntchito zina zachitsulo. Mwachitsanzo, waya wachitsulo wokokedwa ndi ozizira umagwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zambiri kuti ukokerenso chifukwa cha kulimba kwa ntchito, ndipo ukhoza kusweka. Chifukwa chake, uyenera kusungidwa kuti uchotse kulimba kwa ntchito musanakoke. Chitsanzo china ndi chakuti kuti pamwamba pa chinthucho pakhale cholimba komanso chofewa podula, mphamvu yodula imawonjezeka podulanso, ndipo kuwonongeka kwa zida kumawonjezeka.

Kulimbitsa tirigu wabwino

1. Tanthauzo

Njira yowongolera mphamvu zamakina a zinthu zachitsulo poyeretsa tinthu ta kristalo imatchedwa kulimbitsa kristalo. Mumakampani, mphamvu ya zinthuzo imawonjezeka poyeretsa tinthu ta kristalo.

2. Mfundo yaikulu

Zitsulo nthawi zambiri zimakhala ma polycrystals opangidwa ndi tinthu tambiri ta kristalo. Kukula kwa tinthu ta kristalo kumatha kufotokozedwa ndi kuchuluka kwa tinthu ta kristalo pa unit volume. Chiwerengero chikakhala chochuluka, tinthu ta kristalo timachepa kwambiri. Kafukufuku akuwonetsa kuti zitsulo zopyapyala kutentha kwa chipinda zimakhala ndi mphamvu zambiri, kuuma, pulasitiki komanso kulimba kuposa zitsulo zopyapyala. Izi zili choncho chifukwa tinthu tating'onoting'ono timadutsa mu pulasitiki pansi pa mphamvu yakunja ndipo zimatha kufalikira mu tinthu tambiri, kusintha kwa pulasitiki kumakhala kofanana, ndipo kupsinjika kumakhala kochepa; kuphatikiza apo, tinthu tating'onoting'ono, malire a tirigu amakhala akulu komanso malire a tirigu amakhala ovuta. Kufalikira kwa ming'alu kumakhala kosayenera. Chifukwa chake, njira yowongolera mphamvu ya zinthuzo poyeretsa tinthu ta kristalo imatchedwa kulimbitsa kukonzedwa kwa tirigu m'makampani.

3. Zotsatira

Kukula kwa tinthu tating'onoting'ono (n) kukakhala kochepa, kuchuluka kwa ma dislocations (n) mu dislocation cluster kumakhala kochepa. Malinga ndi τ=nτ0, kuchuluka kwa kupsinjika komwe kumakhala kochepa, mphamvu ya zinthuzo imakhala yayikulu;

Lamulo lolimbitsa kulimbitsa tirigu wabwino ndilakuti malire a tirigu akachuluka, tirigu amakhala wochepa. Malinga ndi ubale wa Hall-Peiqi, mtengo wapakati (d) wa tirigu ukakhala wochepa, mphamvu ya zokolola za chinthucho imakwera.

4. Njira yoyeretsera tirigu

Wonjezerani mlingo wa subcooling;

Chithandizo cha kuwonongeka kwa thupi;

Kugwedezeka ndi kusonkhezera;

Pa zitsulo zozizira, tinthu ta kristalo tingayengedwe mwa kuwongolera kuchuluka kwa kusintha ndi kutentha kwa annealing.

Kulimbitsa gawo lachiwiri

1. Tanthauzo

Poyerekeza ndi ma alloy a gawo limodzi, ma alloy a magawo ambiri ali ndi gawo lachiwiri kuwonjezera pa gawo la matrix. Gawo lachiwiri likagawidwa mofanana mu gawo la matrix ndi tinthu tating'onoting'ono tomwe timafalikira, lidzakhala ndi mphamvu yolimba kwambiri. Mphamvu yolimbitsa iyi imatchedwa mphamvu ya gawo lachiwiri.

2. Kugawa magulu

Pa kayendetsedwe ka dislocations, gawo lachiwiri lomwe lili mu alloy lili ndi zochitika ziwiri izi:

(1) Kulimbitsa tinthu tosasinthika (njira yodutsa).

(2) Kulimbitsa tinthu tomwe timatha kusinthika (njira yodulira).

Kulimbitsa kufalikira ndi kulimbitsa mvula ndi zitsanzo zapadera za kulimbitsa kwa gawo lachiwiri.

3. Zotsatira

Chifukwa chachikulu cholimbikitsira gawo lachiwiri ndi kuyanjana pakati pawo ndi kusokonekera, komwe kumalepheretsa kuyenda kwa kusokonezeka ndikuwonjezera kukana kwa kusintha kwa alloy.

powombetsa mkota

Zinthu zofunika kwambiri zomwe zimakhudza mphamvu ndi kapangidwe kake, kapangidwe kake, ndi momwe zinthu zilili pamwamba pake; chachiwiri ndi momwe mphamvu zimakhalira, monga liwiro la mphamvu, njira yolemerera, kutambasula kosavuta kapena mphamvu yobwerezabwereza, zidzawonetsa mphamvu zosiyanasiyana; Kuphatikiza apo, mawonekedwe ndi kukula kwa chitsanzo ndi malo oyesera nazonso zimakhudza kwambiri, nthawi zina zimakhala zodziwika bwino. Mwachitsanzo, mphamvu yokoka ya chitsulo champhamvu kwambiri mumlengalenga wa haidrojeni imatha kuchepa kwambiri.

Pali njira ziwiri zokha zolimbikitsira zinthu zachitsulo. Chimodzi ndikuwonjezera mphamvu yolumikizirana pakati pa atomu ya alloy, kuwonjezera mphamvu yake yamalingaliro, ndikukonzekeretsa kristalo wathunthu wopanda zolakwika, monga ndevu. Zimadziwika kuti mphamvu ya ndevu zachitsulo ili pafupi ndi phindu lamalingaliro. Zitha kuganiziridwa kuti izi zili choncho chifukwa palibe kusokonekera kwa ndevu, kapena kusokonezeka kochepa komwe sikungachuluke panthawi yosintha. Mwatsoka, pamene m'mimba mwake wa ndevu ndi waukulu, mphamvu imatsika kwambiri. Njira ina yolimbikitsira ndikulowetsa zolakwika zambiri za kristalo mu kristalo, monga kusokonezeka, zolakwika za mfundo, maatomu osiyanasiyana, malire a tirigu, tinthu tating'onoting'ono tomwe timafalikira kwambiri kapena kusafanana (monga kusiyanitsa), ndi zina zotero. Zolakwika izi zimalepheretsa kuyenda kwa kusokonezeka komanso zimawonjezera mphamvu ya chitsulo. Zowona zatsimikizira kuti iyi ndiyo njira yothandiza kwambiri yowonjezera mphamvu ya zitsulo. Pazinthu zaukadaulo, nthawi zambiri kudzera muzolimbitsa zonse kuti tikwaniritse magwiridwe antchito abwino.