Kulimbikitsa njira yolimba

1. Tanthauzo

Chodabwitsa chomwe ma alloying amasungunuka m'munsi mwachitsulo kuti apangitse kupotoza kwa lattice ndikuwonjezera mphamvu ya aloyi.

2. Mfundo yofunika

Ma atomu a solute osungunuka mu njira yolimba amayambitsa kusokonekera kwa latisi, komwe kumawonjezera kukana kwa kusuntha kwapang'onopang'ono, kumapangitsa kuterera kukhala kovuta, ndikuwonjezera mphamvu ndi kuuma kwa njira yolimba ya aloyi. Chodabwitsa ichi cholimbitsa chitsulo mwa kusungunula chinthu china cha solute kuti chikhale cholimba chimatchedwa kulimbitsa njira yolimba. Pamene kuchuluka kwa maatomu a solute kuli koyenera, mphamvu ndi kuuma kwa zinthuzo zikhoza kuwonjezeka, koma kulimba kwake ndi pulasitiki zachepa.

3. Zinthu zosonkhezera

Kukwera kwa gawo la atomiki la maatomu a solute, kumapangitsanso kulimbikitsa kwambiri, makamaka pamene kachigawo kakang'ono ka atomiki ndi kochepa kwambiri, mphamvu yolimbikitsa imakhala yofunika kwambiri.

Kusiyanitsa kwakukulu pakati pa ma atomu a solute ndi kukula kwa atomiki yachitsulo choyambira, kumalimbitsa mphamvu.

Ma atomu a interstitial solute ali ndi njira yolimbikitsira kwambiri kuposa ma atomu olowa m'malo, komanso chifukwa kupotoza kwa maatomu apakati pa ma kiyubiki makhiristo omwe ali m'kati mwa thupi ndi osasunthika, kulimbitsa kwawo kumakhala kokulirapo kuposa makhiristo amtundu wankhope; koma ma atomu apakati Kusungunuka kolimba kumakhala kochepa kwambiri, kotero kuti mphamvu yeniyeni yolimbitsa imakhalanso yochepa.

Kusiyana kwakukulu kwa chiwerengero cha ma elekitironi a valence pakati pa maatomu a solute ndi zitsulo zoyambira, ndizodziwikiratu kuti njira yothetsera vutoli imakhala yolimba, ndiye kuti, mphamvu zokolola zazitsulo zolimba zimawonjezeka ndi kuwonjezeka kwa ndende ya valence electron.

4. Mlingo wa kulimbikitsa njira zolimba makamaka zimadalira zinthu zotsatirazi

Kusiyana kwa kukula pakati pa ma atomu a matrix ndi ma atomu a solute. Kusiyanitsa kwakukulu kwa kukula, kusokoneza kwakukulu kwa kapangidwe ka kristalo koyambirira, ndipo kumakhala kovuta kwambiri pakusuntha.

Kuchuluka kwa zinthu za alloying. Zomwe zowonjezera zowonjezera zimawonjezeredwa, zimawonjezera mphamvu zolimbitsa. Ngati ma atomu ambiri ali aakulu kwambiri kapena ochepa kwambiri, kusungunuka kwake kudzapitirira. Izi zimaphatikizapo njira ina yolimbikitsira, kulimbitsa gawo lomwazika.

Ma atomu a interstitial solute ali ndi mphamvu yolimbikitsira yankho kuposa maatomu olowa m'malo.

Kusiyana kwakukulu kwa chiwerengero cha ma elekitironi a valence pakati pa maatomu a solute ndi zitsulo zam'munsi, ndizofunika kwambiri kulimbikitsa njira yolimba.

5. Zotsatira

Mphamvu zokolola, kulimba kwamphamvu ndi kuuma ndizolimba kuposa zitsulo zoyera;

Nthawi zambiri, ductility ndi yotsika kuposa yachitsulo choyera;

The conductivity ndi yotsika kwambiri kuposa zitsulo zoyera;

Kukana kwa Creep, kapena kutaya mphamvu pa kutentha kwakukulu, kungawongoleredwe ndi kulimbikitsa njira zolimba.

Ntchito kuumitsa

1. Tanthauzo

Pamene kuchuluka kwa kuzizira kumawonjezeka, mphamvu ndi kuuma kwa zinthu zachitsulo kumawonjezeka, koma pulasitiki ndi kulimba kumachepa.

2. Mawu Oyamba

Chodabwitsa chomwe mphamvu ndi kuuma kwa zinthu zachitsulo kumawonjezeka pamene zimakhala zopunduka pansi pa kutentha kwa recrystallization, pamene pulasitiki ndi kulimba kumachepa. Kumatchedwanso kuti kuzizira ntchito. Chifukwa chake ndi chakuti chitsulocho chikapunthwa mwapulasitiki, njere za kristalo zimatsetsereka ndikumangika, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti njere za kristalo zitalikike, kusweka, ndi fiberize, komanso kupsinjika kotsalira kumapangidwa muzitsulo. Kuchuluka kwa kuuma kwa ntchito kumawonetsedwa ndi chiŵerengero cha microhardness ya pamwamba wosanjikiza pambuyo pokonza kuti isanayambe kukonzedwa ndi kuya kwa wosanjikiza.

3. Kutanthauzira kuchokera ku lingaliro la dislocation theory

(1) Kuphatikizika kumachitika pakati pa kusokonezeka, ndipo kudulidwa komwe kumalepheretsa kusuntha kwa kusokonezeka;

(2) Zomwe zimachitika pakati pa kusokonezeka, ndipo kupangika kosasunthika kumalepheretsa kuyenda kwa kusuntha;

(3) Kuchulukitsitsa kwa kusokonezeka kumachitika, ndipo kuwonjezereka kwa kusokonezeka kwapang'onopang'ono kumawonjezera kukana kwa kayendetsedwe kake.

4. Kuvulaza

Kuwumitsa ntchito kumabweretsa zovuta pakukonzanso magawo azitsulo. Mwachitsanzo, pozizira-kugudubuza mbale yachitsulo, imakhala yovuta kwambiri kuti igubuduze, choncho m'pofunika kukonzekera annealing yapakatikati panthawi yokonza kuti athetse ntchito yake yowumitsa ndi kutentha. Chitsanzo china ndi kupanga pamwamba pa workpiece Chimaona ndi molimba ndondomeko kudula, potero imathandizira chida kuvala ndi kuwonjezeka kudula mphamvu.

5. Ubwino

Ikhoza kupititsa patsogolo mphamvu, kulimba ndi kuvala kukana kwazitsulo, makamaka kwazitsulo zoyera ndi ma alloys ena omwe sangapangidwe bwino ndi chithandizo cha kutentha. Mwachitsanzo, waya wazitsulo zamphamvu zozizira kwambiri komanso kasupe wozizira, ndi zina zotero, gwiritsani ntchito kuzizira kozizira kuti muwonjezere mphamvu zake ndi malire. Chitsanzo china ndikugwiritsa ntchito kuumitsa ntchito kuti kukhale kolimba komanso kulimba kwa akasinja, njanji za thirakitala, nsagwada zopukutira ndi ma turnouts a njanji.

6. Udindo mu uinjiniya wamakina

Pambuyo kujambula kozizira, kupukuta ndi kuwombera (onani kulimbikitsana pamwamba) ndi njira zina, mphamvu ya pamwamba ya zipangizo zachitsulo, zigawo ndi zigawo zikhoza kusintha kwambiri;

Pambuyo potsindika mbalizo, kupsinjika kwa m'deralo kwa mbali zina nthawi zambiri kumadutsa malire a zokolola, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti pulasitiki iwonongeke. Chifukwa cha kuuma kwa ntchito, kupitilirabe kukula kwa mapindikidwe a pulasitiki ndikoletsedwa, komwe kumatha kupititsa patsogolo chitetezo cha zigawo ndi zigawo;

Pamene gawo lachitsulo kapena chigawocho chikusindikizidwa, kusinthika kwake kwa pulasitiki kumayendera limodzi ndi kulimbitsa, kotero kuti kusinthika kumasamutsidwa ku gawo lolimba losagwiritsidwa ntchito mozungulira. Pambuyo pakusinthana kobwerezabwereza kotere, zigawo zozizira zopondaponda zokhala ndi mapindikidwe amtundu umodzi zitha kupezeka;

Itha kusintha magwiridwe antchito achitsulo chochepa cha carbon ndikupanga tchipisi kuti tisiyanitse mosavuta. Koma kuumitsa ntchito kumabweretsanso zovuta pakukonzanso kwazitsulo. Mwachitsanzo, waya wachitsulo wozizira amadya mphamvu zambiri kuti apitirize kujambula chifukwa cha kuuma kwa ntchito, ndipo akhoza kusweka. Chifukwa chake, iyenera kuchepetsedwa kuti muchepetse kuuma kwa ntchito musanajambule. Chitsanzo china ndi chakuti kuti pamwamba pa workpiece brittle brittle and hard during cutting, mphamvu yodula imawonjezeka panthawi yocheka, ndipo kuvala kwa chida kumafulumizitsa.

Kulimbitsa bwino kwambewu

1. Tanthauzo

Njira yopangira zida zamakina azitsulo poyeretsa njere za kristalo imatchedwa crystal refining kulimbitsa. M'makampani, mphamvu ya zinthuzo imapangidwa bwino poyeretsa njere za kristalo.

2. Mfundo yofunika

Zitsulo nthawi zambiri zimakhala ma polycrystals opangidwa ndi njere zambiri zamakristalo. Kukula kwa njere za kristalo kumatha kuwonetsedwa ndi kuchuluka kwa mbewu za kristalo pa voliyumu iliyonse. Kuchuluka kwa kristalo, m'pamenenso njere za kristalo zimakhala zabwino kwambiri. Mayesero amasonyeza kuti zitsulo zabwino kwambiri kutentha kutentha zimakhala ndi mphamvu zambiri, zolimba, zapulasitiki komanso zolimba kusiyana ndi zitsulo zowonongeka. Izi ndichifukwa choti njere zabwino zimawonongeka ndi pulasitiki pansi pa mphamvu yakunja ndipo zimatha kumwazikana mumbewu zambiri, kupindika kwa pulasitiki kumakhala kofanana, ndipo kupsinjika kumakhala kochepa; kuonjezera apo, mbewu zabwino kwambiri, zimakulirakulira m'malire a tirigu komanso malire a tirigu wowawa kwambiri. M'pamenenso zoipa kufalitsa ming'alu. Choncho, njira yopititsira patsogolo mphamvu ya zinthuzo poyenga njere za kristalo imatchedwa kulimbitsa kwambewu m'makampani.

3. Zotsatira zake

Kuchepa kwa kukula kwa njere, kumachepetsa kuchuluka kwa zosunthika (n) mumagulu osokonekera. Malinga ndi τ=nτ0, kupsinjika kwakung'ono kumachepetsa mphamvu yazinthu;

Lamulo lolimbikitsa la kulimbikitsa mbewu zabwino kwambiri ndiloti malire a tirigu achuluka, mbewuzo zimakhala zabwino kwambiri. Malinga ndi ubale wa Hall-Peiqi, kucheperako kwa mtengo wapakati (d) wambewu, kumapangitsa mphamvu zokolola zazinthuzo.

4. Njira yoyeretsera mbewu

Wonjezerani mlingo wa subcooling;

Kuwonongeka kwamankhwala;

Kugwedezeka ndi kugwedeza;

Kwa zitsulo zozizira zozizira, njere za kristalo zimatha kuyengedwa poyang'anira kuchuluka kwa mapindikidwe ndi kutentha kwa annealing.

Gawo lachiwiri kulimbikitsa

1. Tanthauzo

Poyerekeza ndi ma alloys a gawo limodzi, ma alloys amitundu yambiri amakhala ndi gawo lachiwiri kuwonjezera pa gawo la matrix. Gawo lachiwirili likugawidwa mophiphiritsa mu gawo la matrix lokhala ndi tinthu tating'onoting'ono omwazikana, lidzalimbikitsa kwambiri. Kulimbikitsa kumeneku kumatchedwa gawo lachiwiri kulimbikitsa.

2. Gulu

Pakusuntha kwa ma dislocation, gawo lachiwiri lomwe lili mu alloy lili ndi izi:

(1) Kulimbitsa tinthu tating'onoting'ono (bypass mechanism).

(2) Kulimbikitsa particles deformable (kudula-kupyolera mu makina).

Kulimbikitsa kubalalitsidwa ndi kulimbikitsa mvula ndizochitika zapadera zolimbitsa gawo lachiwiri.

3. Zotsatira zake

Chifukwa chachikulu cha kulimbikitsidwa kwa gawo lachiwiri ndi kugwirizana pakati pawo ndi kusokonezeka, zomwe zimalepheretsa kusuntha kwa kayendetsedwe kake ndikuwongolera kukana kwa mapindikidwe a alloy.

powombetsa mkota

Zinthu zofunika kwambiri zomwe zimakhudza mphamvu ndizojambula, kapangidwe kake ndi momwe zinthu zilili pamtunda; chachiwiri ndi chikhalidwe cha mphamvu, monga kuthamanga kwa mphamvu, njira yonyamulira, kutambasula kosavuta kapena mphamvu yobwerezabwereza, idzawonetsa mphamvu zosiyana; Kuphatikiza apo, geometry ndi kukula kwa sampuli ndi sing'anga yoyesera imakhalanso ndi chikoka chachikulu, nthawi zina ngakhale chosankha. Mwachitsanzo, kulimba kwamphamvu kwachitsulo champhamvu kwambiri mumlengalenga wa haidrojeni kumatha kutsika kwambiri.

Pali njira ziwiri zokha zolimbikitsira zitsulo. Imodzi ndikuwonjezera mphamvu yolumikizirana ya aloyi, kuwonjezera mphamvu zake zongoyerekeza, ndikukonzekera kristalo wathunthu wopanda chilema, monga ndevu. Zimadziwika kuti mphamvu ya ndevu zachitsulo ili pafupi ndi mtengo wamaganizo. Zitha kuganiziridwa kuti izi ndichifukwa choti palibe kusuntha kwa ndevu, kapena kusokonezeka pang'ono komwe sikungachuluke panthawi ya deformation. Tsoka ilo, pamene m'mimba mwake wa ndevu ndi wamkulu, mphamvu imatsika kwambiri. Njira ina yolimbitsira ndikudziwitsani zolakwika zambiri za kristalo mu kristalo, monga kusokonezeka, zolakwika za mfundo, maatomu osasinthika, malire a tirigu, tinthu tating'onoting'ono tomwe timabalalika kapena inhomogeneities (monga kulekanitsa), etc. Zowonongeka izi zimalepheretsa kusuntha kwa dislocation ndi komanso Mochititsa chidwi kusintha mphamvu ya zitsulo. Zowona zatsimikizira kuti iyi ndiyo njira yabwino kwambiri yowonjezera mphamvu zazitsulo. Kwa zida zauinjiniya, nthawi zambiri zimakhala kudzera pazowonjezera zolimbitsa thupi kuti zitheke bwino.