Zapakati: Kupaka utoto (pigment) intermediates ndi nthambi yofunika kwambiri pamakampani opanga mankhwala. Kukula kwa othandizira apakati. Kupanga kwa China zopangira zopaka utoto ndi utoto kwapangidwa kwambiri kuyambira 1950s. M'zaka zingapo zapitazi, kupanga mitundu yapakati ya utoto ndi pigment kwakhala koopsa, ndipo pakhala pali zatsopano muukadaulo wopanga. Tapanga zopambana m'magawo angapo, monga kafukufuku, kugwiritsa ntchito kwatsopano kwa mitundu yakale komanso kuteteza chilengedwe, ndipo tatengera njira yoyera yopanga utoto ndi utoto wapakati. .

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Kukula kwa kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwapakati

Ndipotu, kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwapakati ndi chitukuko chamitundumitundu, mtundu wina wapakati womwe umagwiritsidwa ntchito mu utoto wotchedwa dye intermediates, ndipo umagwiritsidwa ntchito mu mankhwala ophera tizilombo, mankhwala, ndi zina zotero. Amatchedwanso mankhwala, pharmaceutical intermediates. Ziyenera kuganiziridwa ngati nthambi yamakampani opanga mankhwala abwino, siziyenera kugawidwa mokhazikika kukhala zopangira utoto, zopangira mankhwala, zophatikizira, zophatikizira, zophatikizira, zophatikizira, mankhwala ophera tizilombo, mankhwala ophera tizilombo, ophatikizira mankhwala ophera tizilombo. , mankhwala ophera tizilombo, mankhwala ophera tizilombo, mankhwala ophera tizilombo, mankhwala ophera tizilombo, mankhwala ophera tizilombo, mankhwala ophera tizilombo, mankhwala ophera tizilombo. intermediates, mankhwala intermediates, mankhwala intermediates, mankhwala intermediates, mankhwala intermediates Intermediates, mankhwala intermediates, amene kuchepetsa osiyanasiyana ntchito za intermediates ena ndi kukhudza chitukuko chawo.

Fine mankhwala intermediates kafukufuku yodziwika ndi zosiyanasiyana, kupatulapo mitundu yochepa ya kupanga sikelo ndi yaikulu kwambiri, mitundu yambiri ya tonnage si yaikulu kwambiri, koma ndondomeko yokonzekera nthawi zambiri imakhala yovuta kwambiri, yomwe imaphatikizapo machitidwe ambiri a unit ndi kupatukana, ndi kupanga kuchuluka kwa "zinyalala zitatu" ziyenera kusamaliridwa bwino. Chifukwa chake, tiyenera kuchita nawo kafukufuku wazinthu zosawerengeka, gulu loyenera lapakati kuti tipeze bwino kupanga bwino.

Kuchokera kumayiko akunja, kafukufuku ndi kupanga apakati amakhala okhazikika bwino kuti akwaniritse kupanga kwa serial. mitundu ingapo kapena khumi ndi iwiri yapakati, kafukufuku ndi kupanga koteroko ndikosavuta kutsata kudzera mukukula kwathunthu ndi kutengera matekinoloje atsopano. Tidzapeza kawiri zotsatira ndi theka la khama. Titha kunena za momwe zinthu zilili ku Japan, komwe kupanga kwapakati kunali kokhazikika, kuyambira m'ma 1960. Yasinthidwa ndi kuikidwa kasanu ndi kawiri.

Kudzera kusintha ndi chitukuko, China utoto ndi pigment intermediates makampani afika pa mlingo wapamwamba mwa mawu a sikelo kupanga, luso ndi zipangizo mlingo, amene sangathe kukwaniritsa zosowa za utoto m'banja ndi chitukuko cha pigment makampani, komanso kupereka kwambiri khalidwe intermediates mankhwala kwa. maiko akunja.

Zopangira zomwe zimafunikira popanga ma intermediates zimatengedwa makamaka kuchokera kumafuta amafuta ndi ma coking chemical industry, ambiri mwa iwo ndi benzene, naphthalene, naphthalene, ndi naphthalene. M'zaka zaposachedwa, ma organic pigments okonzedwa kuchokera ku heterocyclic intermediates akhala akuwonjezeka. Komanso, phenanthrene, pyridine, mpweya fulorojeni, quinoline, indole, carbazole, biphenyl mndandanda mankhwala, zovuta zopangira ntchito kupanga utoto. Kugwiritsa ntchito zinthu zopangira zopangira kudzakhala kofala komanso kofala.

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Ambiri zimachitikira mankhwala ntchito intermediates

Zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri popanga zinthu zopangira utoto kuti zikhale zapakati pamakampani opanga utoto (pigment) ndi motere.

(1) Sulfnation reaction
(2) Kuchita kwa nitrification
(3) Kusintha kwa halogenation
(4) Kuchepetsa kuchitapo kanthu pokonzekera amino
(5) Diazotization reactions (nthawi zambiri imatsagana ndi machitidwe olumikizana)
(6) Kulowetsa magulu a sulfonic acid m'magulu a hydroxyl ndi machitidwe a alkali-kusungunuka
(7) Zochita za Acetylation
(8) Kuchita kwa okosijeni
(9) Condensation ndi carbonation reactions
(10) Zochita za Aromatization (makamaka amino)
(11) Kusinthana kwamagulu a hydroxyl ndi amino
(12) Hydroxylation ya hydroxyl kapena magulu amino

Malingana ndi kapangidwe ka mphete zonunkhira bwino za intermediates mankhwala, akhoza m'gulu aliphatic, benzene, naphthalene, anthraquinone, heterocyclic ndi wandiweyani. Dongosolo la mphete. Dziko lathu limatha kupanga mitundu yopitilira 400 ya benzene, naphthalene, anthraquinone, heterocyclic ndi mitundu ina ya utoto ndi utoto, zomwe zimatha kukwaniritsa zofunikira pakukula kwamakampani opanga utoto ndi utoto.

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Mitundu yayikulu ya benzene system

2,4-Dinitrochlorobenzene, o-nitrochlorobenzene, p-nitrochlorobenzene, p-nitrophenol, N,N-dimethylaniline, p-amino Anisole, p-nitroaniline, o-toluidine, 2-bromo-6-chloro-p-nitroaniline, N -ethylaniline, m-hydroxydiethylaniline 2,4-dinitro-6-bromoaniline, o-, p-phenylenediamine, 3,3-dichlorobenzidine, benzidine, anisylamine, p-amine Benzenesulfonic acid, o-anisole, p-aminoanisole, DSD acid, p-aminophenetole, CTL acid, o-cyano-p-nitroaniline, acetoacetylacetamide o-Methoxyaniline, hydroquinone, resorcinol, N-methyl-m-toluidine, N-ethyl-m-toluidine, N,N-dimethyl-m-toluidine, N,N-dimethyl-m-toluidine, N,N-dimethyl-m-toluidine,N,N-dimethyl-m-toluidine,N,N-dimethyl-m-toluidine,N,N-dimethyl-m-toluidine, N,N-dimethyl-m-toluidine, N,N-dimethyl-m-toluidine,N,N-dimethyl-m-toluidine,N,N-dimethyl-m-toluidine,N,N-dimethyl-m-toluidine, N,N-dimethyl-m-toluidine, N,N-dimethyl-m-toluidine,N,N-dimethyl-m-toluidine,N,N-dimethyl-m-toluidine,N,N-dimethyl-m-toluidine, N,N-dimethyl-m-toluidine, N,N-dimethyl-m-toluidine,N,N-dimethyl-m-toluidine,N,N-dimethyl-m-toluidine,N,N-dimethyl-m-toluidine Toluidine. , N,N-diethyl-m-toluidine, N-methyl-hydroxyethyl-m-toluidine, N-ethyl-hydroxyethyl-m-toluidine, N-ethyl-toluidine Methyl cyanoethyl-m-toluidine, N-ethyl cyanoethyl-m- toluidine, N-methylphenyl-m-toluidine, p-, ethoxyaniline, 2 4-dimethylaniline, 4-chloro-3-aminobenzamide, 4-methyl-3-aminobenzamide, 4-methoxy-3-aminobenzamide, 4-methyl-aminobenzamide, 4-methyl-aminobenzamide, 4-methyl-aminobenzamide, 4-methyl-aminobenzamide, 4-methyl-aminobenzamide, 4-methyl-aminobenzamide, 4-methyl-aminobenzamide, 4-methyl-aminobenzamide, 4-methyl-aminobenzamide, 4- methyl-aminobenzamide, 4-methyl-aminobenzamide, 4-methyl-aminobenzamide, 4-methyl-aminobenzamide, 4-methyl-aminobenzamide, 4-methyl-aminobenzamide, 4-methyl-aminobenzamide, 4-methyl-aminobenzamide, 4-methyl- aminobenzamide, 4-methyl-aminobenzamide, 4-methyl-aminobenzamide, 4-methyl-aminobenzamide, 4-methyl-aminobenzamide, 4-methyl-aminobenzamide, 4-methyl-aminobenzamide, 4-methyl-aminobenzamide, 4-methyl-aminobenzamide, 4-methyl-aminobenzamide, 4-methyl-aminobenzamide, 4-methyl-aminobenzamide, 4-methyl-aminobenzamide 2,4,5-Trichloroaniline, 4-methoxy-3-amino-N,N-diethylbenzenesulfonamide, 2,4,5 -trichloroaniline, 2,4,5-trichloroaniline, 2,4,5-trichloroaniline, 2,4,5-trichloroaniline, 2,4,5-trichloroaniline, 2,4,5-trichloroaniline, 2,4,5-trichloroaniline , 2,4,5-trichloroaniline, 2,4,5-trichloroaniline, 2,4,5-trichloroaniline, 2,4,5-trichloroaniline, 2,4,5-trichloroaniline, 2,4,5-trichloroaniline, 2 , 4,5-trichloroaniline, 2,4,5-trichloroaniline, 2,4,5-trichloroaniline, 2,4,5-trichloroaniline, 2,4,5-trichloroaniline, 2,4,5-trichloroaniline, 2,4 ,5-trichloroaniline, 2,4,5-trichloroaniline inter, para ester, etc.

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Main mitundu ya naphthalene intermediates

2-naphthol, H-acid, K-acid, 2,3-acid, 2,6-acid, thujaplic acid, 6-nitro-1,2,4 asidi okosijeni. J-acid, peri-acid, gamma-acid, G- salt, R-salt, amino K-acid, 2-naphthylamine-1,5-disulfonic acid, 1-naphthol -5-sulfonic acid, 1,5-dihydroxynaphthalene , 2,6-naphthalenedicarboxylic acid, 2R-acid ndi zina zotero. Pakati pa anthraquinone ndi: anthraquinone, 1-amino anthraquinone, 1,4-diamino anthraquinone, 1,5-dimethyl-bromophosphate, 1,5-dimethyl-anthraquinone, 2,6-naphthalenedicarboxylic acid, 2R-acid, ndi zina zotero. Anthraquinone, 1 ,5-diamino anthraquinone, 1-Amino-5-benzoyl anthraquinone, 1,5-dihydroxyanthraquinone, 1,8-hydroxy Anthraquinone, 1,8-dihydroxy-4,5-diamino anthraquinone, ndi zina zotero.

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Mitundu yayikulu ya heterocyclic ndi dense-cyclic

Cyanuric chloride, barbituric acid, 2-amino-6-nitrobenzothiazole, 2-amino-5,6-dichlorobenzothiazole, 2-aminobenzothiazole Aminothiazole, dehydrothiobenzidine bisulfonic acid, 3-cyano-4-methyl-6-ethyl3-hydroxy-hydropyrido -cyano-4-methyl-6-hydroxy-N-ethylpyridone, 3-cyano-4-methyl-6-hydroxy-N-ethylpyridone, 3-cyano-4-methyl-6-hydroxy-N-ethylpyridone, 3-cyano -4-methyl-6-hydroxy-N-ethylpyridone, 3-cyano-4-methyl-6-hydroxy-N-ethylpyridone, 3-cyano-4-methyl-6-hydroxy-N-ethylpyridone, 3-cyano-4 -methyl-6-hydroxy-N-ethylpyridone, 3-cyano-4-methyl-6-hydroxy-N-ethylpyridone, 3-cyano-4-methyl-6-hydroxy-N-ethylpyridone, 3-cyano-4-methyl -6-hydroxy-N-ethylpyridone, 3-cyano-4-methyl-6-hydroxy-N-ethylpyridone, 3-cyano-4-methyl-6-hydroxy-N-ethylpyridone, 3-cyano-4-methyl-6 -hydroxy-N-ethylpyridone Formylamino-4-methyl-6-hydroxy-N-ethylpyridone, 4-chloro-1,8-naphthalene anhydride, naphthalene tetracarboxylic anhydride, ! tetracarboxylic anhydride, etc.