Zosakaniza: Zosakaniza utoto (zosakaniza utoto) ndi gawo lofunika kwambiri pamakampani opanga mankhwala abwino. Kukula kwa zosakaniza zothandizira. Kupanga kwa zosakaniza utoto ndi utoto ku China kwakula kwambiri kuyambira m'ma 1950. M'zaka zingapo zapitazi, kupanga utoto ndi utoto wamitundu yosiyanasiyana kwakhala koopsa kwambiri, ndipo pakhala zatsopano muukadaulo wopanga. Tapanga kupita patsogolo m'magawo angapo, monga kafukufuku, kugwiritsa ntchito kwatsopano mitundu yakale komanso kuteteza chilengedwe, ndipo tagwiritsa ntchito njira yoyera yopangira utoto ndi utoto wamitundu yosiyanasiyana.

1
Kukula kwa kugwiritsa ntchito zinthu zapakati

Ndipotu, kugwiritsa ntchito zinthu zosakaniza ndi chitukuko cha mbali zambiri, mtundu wina wa zinthu zosakaniza zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito mu utoto wotchedwa zinthu zosakaniza utoto, ndipo zimagwiritsidwa ntchito mu mankhwala ophera tizilombo, mankhwala, ndi zina zotero. Zimatchedwanso mankhwala ophera tizilombo, zinthu zosakaniza mankhwala. Ziyenera kuonedwa ngati nthambi ya makampani abwino kwambiri a mankhwala, siziyenera kugawidwa mokhazikika m'magulu awiri: zinthu zosakaniza utoto, zinthu zosakaniza mankhwala ...

Kafukufuku wa mankhwala osakaniza bwino amadziwika ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana, kupatulapo mitundu yochepa ya sikelo yopangira ndi yayikulu kwambiri, mitundu yambiri ya matani si yayikulu kwambiri, koma njira yokonzekera nthawi zambiri imakhala yovuta kwambiri, yokhala ndi mayunitsi ambiri ndi magawano, ndipo kupanga zinthu zambiri "zinyalala zitatu" kuyenera kuchitidwa bwino. Chifukwa chake, tiyenera kuchita kafukufuku wa njira zotsatizana zopangira zinthu, bungwe loyenera la osakaniza kuti tipeze magwiridwe antchito abwino opanga.

Kuchokera kumayiko akunja, kafukufuku ndi kupanga zinthu zapakati nthawi zambiri zimakhala zokhazikika bwino kuti zitheke kupanga zinthu motsatizana. Mitundu ingapo mpaka khumi ndi iwiri ya zinthu zapakati, kafukufuku ndi kupanga koteroko ndikosavuta kugwiritsa ntchito kudzera mu chitukuko chonse ndi kugwiritsa ntchito ukadaulo watsopano. Tidzapeza zotsatira kawiri ndi theka la khama. Titha kunena za momwe zinthu zinalili ku Japan, komwe kupanga zinthu zapakati kunali kosiyana kwambiri, kuyambira m'ma 1960. Kwasinthidwa ndikukhazikika kasanu ndi kawiri.

Kudzera mu kusintha ndi chitukuko, makampani opanga utoto ndi utoto ku China afika pamlingo wapamwamba pankhani ya kukula kwa kupanga, ukadaulo ndi zida, zomwe sizingokwaniritsa zosowa za chitukuko cha makampani opanga utoto ndi utoto m'dziko muno, komanso zimapereka zinthu zabwino kwambiri zopangira utoto ndi utoto kumayiko akunja.

Zipangizo zopangira zinthu ...

2
Mankhwala omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pakati pa anthu olankhulana

Machitidwe ofala kwambiri a mankhwala omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito pokonza zipangizo zopangira zinthu zosinthira utoto (mtundu) ndi awa.

(1) Kuyankha kwa sulfonation
(2) Machitidwe a nitrification
(3) Machitidwe a halogenation
(4) Kuchepetsa kwa zochita pokonzekera amino
(5) Machitidwe a Diazotization (nthawi zambiri amatsagana ndi machitidwe ogwirizana)
(6) Kusintha magulu a sulfonic acid kukhala magulu a hydroxyl pogwiritsa ntchito njira zosungunulira alkali
(7) Machitidwe a acetylation
(8) Machitidwe a okosijeni
(9) Kuchuluka kwa mpweya ndi mpweya m'thupi
(10) Machitidwe a kununkhira (makamaka amino)
(11) Machitidwe osinthika a magulu a hydroxyl ndi amino
(12) Hydroxylation ya magulu a hydroxyl kapena amino

Malinga ndi kapangidwe ka mphete ya zonunkhira ya zinthu zazing'ono zapakati pa mankhwala, zimatha kugawidwa m'magulu awiri: aliphatic, benzene, naphthalene, anthraquinone, heterocyclic ndi dense. Dongosolo la mphete. Dziko lathu limatha kupanga mitundu yoposa 400 ya benzene, naphthalene, anthraquinone, heterocyclic ndi zina zapakati za utoto ndi utoto, zomwe kwenikweni zimatha kukwaniritsa zofunikira za Utoto ndi chitukuko cha makampani opanga utoto.

3
Mitundu ikuluikulu ya benzene system

2,4-Dinitrochlorobenzene, o-nitrochlorobenzene, p-nitrochlorobenzene, p-nitrophenol, N,N-dimethylaniline, p-amino Anisole, p-nitroaniline, o-toluidine, 2-bromo-6-chloro-p-nitroaniline, N-ethylaniline, m-hydroxydiethylaniline 2,4-dinitro-6-bromoaniline, o-, p-phenylenediamine, 3,3-dichlorobenzidine, benzidine, anisylamine, p-amine Benzenesulfonic acid, o-anisole, p-aminoanisole, DSD acid, p-aminophenetole, CTL acid, o-cyano-p-nitroaniline, acetoacetylacetamide o-Methoxyaniline, hydroquinone, resorcinol, N-methyl-m-toluidine, N-ethyl-m-toluidine, N,N-dimethyl-m-toluidine, ... N,N-dimethyl-m-toluidine, N,N-dimethyl-m-toluidine, N,N-dimethyl-m-toluidine Toluidine, N,N-diethyl-m-toluidine, N-methyl-hydroxyethyl-m-toluidine, N-ethyl-hydroxyethyl-m-toluidine, N-ethyl-toluidine Methyl cyanoethyl-m-toluidine, N-ethyl cyanoethyl-m-toluidine, N-methylphenyl-m-toluidine, p-, ethoxyaniline, 2 4-dimethylaniline, 4-chloro-3-aminobenzamide, 4-methyl-3-aminobenzamide, 4-methoxy-3-aminobenzamide, 4-methyl-aminobenzamide, 4-methyl-aminobenzamide, 4-methyl-aminobenzamide, 4-methyl-aminobenzamide, 4-methyl-aminobenzamide, 4-methyl-aminobenzamide, 4-methyl-aminobenzamide, 4-methyl-aminobenzamide, 4-methyl-aminobenzamide, 4-methyl-aminobenzamide, 4-methyl-aminobenzamide, 4-methyl-aminobenzamide, 4-methyl-aminobenzamide, 4-methyl-aminobenzamide, 4-methyl-aminobenzamide, 4-methyl-aminobenzamide, 4-methyl-aminobenzamide, 4-methyl-aminobenzamide, 4-methyl-aminobenzamide, 4-methyl-aminobenzamide, 4-methyl-aminobenzamide, 4-methyl-aminobenzamide, 4-methyl-aminobenzamide, 4-methyl-aminobenzamide, 4-methyl-aminobenzamide, 4-methyl-aminobenzamide, 4-methyl-aminobenzamide 2,4,5-Trichloroaniline, 4-methoxy-3-amino-N,N-diethylbenzenesulfonamide, 2,4,5-trichloroaniline ... 2,4,5-trichloroaniline, 2,4,5-trichloroaniline, 2,4,5-trichloroaniline, 2,4,5-trichloroaniline inter, para ester, ndi zina zotero.

4
Mitundu yayikulu ya naphthalene intermediates

2-naphthol, H-acid, K-acid, 2,3-acid, 2,6-acid, thujaplic acid, 6-nitro-1,2,4 acid oxygens. J-acid, peri-acid, gamma-acid, G-salt, R-salt, amino K-acid, 2-naphthylamine-1,5-disulfonic acid, 1-naphthol -5-sulfonic acid, 1,5-dihydroxynaphthalene, 2,6-naphthalenedicarboxylic acid, 2R-acid ndi zina zotero. Zomwe zili pakati pa anthraquinone ndi izi: anthraquinone, 1-amino anthraquinone, 1,4-diamino anthraquinone, 1,5-dimethyl-bromophosphate, 1,5-dimethyl-anthraquinone, 2,6-naphthalenedicarboxylic acid, 2R-acid, ndi zina zotero. Anthraquinone, 1,5-diamino anthraquinone, 1-Amino-5-benzoyl anthraquinone, 1,5-dihydroxyanthraquinone, 1,8-hydroxy Anthraquinone, 1,8-dihydroxy-4,5-diamino anthraquinone, ndi zina zotero.

5
Mitundu ikuluikulu ya heterocyclic ndi dense-cyclic

Cyanuric chloride, barbituric acid, 2-amino-6-nitrobenzothiazole, 2-amino-5,6-dichlorobenzothiazole, 2-aminobenzothiazole Aminothiazole, dehydrothiobenzidine bisulfonic acid, 3-cyano-4-methyl-6-hydroxy-N-ethylpyridone, 3-cyano-4-methyl-6-hydroxy-N-ethylpyridone, 3-cyano-4-methyl-6-hydroxy-N-ethylpyridone, 3-cyano-4-methyl-6-hydroxy-N-ethylpyridone, 3-cyano-4-methyl-6-hydroxy-N-ethylpyridone, 3-cyano-4-methyl-6-hydroxy-N-ethylpyridone, 3-cyano-4-methyl-6-hydroxy-N-ethylpyridone, 3-cyano-4-methyl-6-hydroxy-N-ethylpyridone, 3-cyano-4-methyl-6-hydroxy-N-ethylpyridone, 3-cyano-4-methyl-6-hydroxy-N-ethylpyridone, 3-cyano-4-methyl-6-hydroxy-N-ethylpyridone Formylamino-4-methyl-6-hydroxy-N-ethylpyridone, 4-chloro-1,8-naphthalene anhydride, naphthalene tetracarboxylic anhydride, ! tetracarboxylic anhydride, ndi zina zotero.