Utoto wochita zinthu mopupuluma umakhala ndi kusungunuka bwino kwambiri m'madzi. Utoto wochita zinthu mopupuluma umadalira kwambiri gulu la sulfonic acid lomwe lili pa molekyulu ya utoto kuti lisungunuke m'madzi. Pa utoto wochita zinthu mopupuluma womwe uli ndi magulu a vinylsulfone, kuwonjezera pa gulu la sulfonic acid, β -Ethylsulfonyl sulfate ndi gulu labwino kwambiri losungunula.

Mu yankho lamadzi, ma ayoni a sodium omwe ali pa gulu la sulfonic acid ndi gulu la -ethylsulfone sulfate amakumana ndi hydration reaction kuti utotowo upange anion ndikusungunuka m'madzi. Kupaka utoto kwa utoto wochitapo kanthu kumadalira anion ya utoto womwe uyenera kupakidwa utoto ku ulusi.

Kusungunuka kwa utoto wosinthika ndi kopitilira 100 g/L, utoto wambiri umasungunuka ndi 200-400 g/L, ndipo utoto wina umatha kufika 450 g/L. Komabe, panthawi yopaka utoto, kusungunuka kwa utoto kumachepa chifukwa cha zifukwa zosiyanasiyana (kapena kusasungunuka kwathunthu). Kusungunuka kwa utoto kukachepa, gawo la utoto lidzasintha kuchoka pa anion imodzi yaulere kupita ku tinthu tating'onoting'ono, chifukwa cha kugwedezeka kwakukulu pakati pa tinthu tating'onoting'ono. Kuchepa, tinthu tating'onoting'ono ndi tinthu tating'onoting'ono timakopana kuti tipange agglomeration. Mtundu uwu wa agglomeration poyamba umasonkhanitsa tinthu ta utoto kukhala agglomerates, kenako umasanduka agglomerates, ndipo pamapeto pake umasanduka flocs. Ngakhale flocs ndi mtundu wa gulu lotayirira, chifukwa cha gawo lawo lamagetsi lozungulira lomwe limapangidwa ndi ma positive ndi negative charges nthawi zambiri zimakhala zovuta kuwola ndi mphamvu yocheka pamene utoto wa utoto ukuzungulira, ndipo flocs zimakhala zosavuta kuziyika pa nsalu, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti utoto kapena utoto ukhale pamwamba.

Utoto ukangoyamba kusakanikirana kotere, kulimba kwa utoto kudzachepa kwambiri, ndipo nthawi yomweyo kumayambitsa mabala osiyanasiyana, mabala, ndi mabala. Kwa utoto wina, kusunthaku kudzawonjezera kusonkhana kwa utoto pogwiritsa ntchito mphamvu yochepetsera madzi ndi mchere, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti utuluke. Utoto ukangotuluka, utotowo udzakhala wopepuka kwambiri, kapena sudzapakidwa utoto, ngakhale utapakidwa utoto, udzakhala mabala ndi mabala akuluakulu.

Zifukwa za kusonkhana kwa utoto

Chifukwa chachikulu ndi electrolyte. Mu njira yopaka utoto, electrolyte yayikulu ndi dye accelerant (mchere wa sodium ndi mchere). Dying accelerant imakhala ndi sodium ion, ndipo dye yofanana ndi sodium ion mu molekyulu ya dye ndi yotsika kwambiri kuposa ya dye accelerant. Dying accelerant yofanana ndi sodium ion, kuchuluka kwa dye accelerant mu njira yopaka utoto sidzakhudza kwambiri kusungunuka kwa dye mu bafa ya dye.

Komabe, pamene kuchuluka kwa utoto wowonjezera mphamvu kumawonjezeka, kuchuluka kwa ma ayoni a sodium mu yankho kumawonjezeka moyenerera. Ma ayoni a sodium ochulukirapo amaletsa ionization ya ma ayoni a sodium pa gulu losungunuka la molekyulu ya utoto, motero kuchepetsa kusungunuka kwa utoto. Pambuyo pa 200 g/L, utoto wambiri udzakhala ndi madigiri osiyanasiyana a kuphatikizana. Pamene kuchuluka kwa utoto wowonjezera mphamvu kumapitirira 250 g/L, mlingo wa kuphatikizana udzawonjezeka, choyamba kupanga ma agglomerates, kenako mu utoto. Ma agglomerates ndi ma floccules amapangidwa mwachangu, ndipo utoto wina wokhala ndi kusungunuka kochepa umachotsedwa pang'ono kapena ngakhale kuuma. Utoto wokhala ndi mapangidwe osiyanasiyana a mamolekyu uli ndi mphamvu zosiyana zotsutsana ndi agglomeration ndi salt-out resistance. Kusungunuka kotsika, mphamvu zotsutsana ndi agglomeration ndi salt-tolerant zimakhala ndi mphamvu zotsutsana ndi mchere. Kuchuluka kwa ntchito yowunikira kumakhala koipa kwambiri.

Kusungunuka kwa utoto kumatsimikiziridwa makamaka ndi kuchuluka kwa magulu a sulfonic acid mu molekyulu ya utoto ndi kuchuluka kwa β-ethylsulfone sulfates. Nthawi yomweyo, kuchuluka kwa hydrophilicity ya molekyulu ya utoto, kusungunuka kumakhala kwakukulu komanso kusungunuka kumakhala kochepa. Kusungunuka kumakhala kochepa. (Mwachitsanzo, utoto wa azo structure ndi wofanana ndi hydrophilicity kuposa utoto wa heterocyclic structure.) Kuphatikiza apo, kapangidwe ka molekyulu ya utoto kakakhala kakakulu, kusungunuka kumakhala kochepa, ndipo kapangidwe ka molekyulu kakang'ono, kusungunuka kumakhala kwakukulu.

Kusungunuka kwa utoto wochita kusinthasintha
Ikhoza kugawidwa m'magulu anayi:

Kalasi A, utoto wokhala ndi diethylsulfone sulfate (monga vinyl sulfone) ndi magulu atatu osinthika (monochloros-triazine + divinyl sulfone) ali ndi kusungunuka kwakukulu, monga Yuan Qing B, Navy GG, Navy RGB, Golden: RNL Ndipo mitundu yonse yakuda yosinthika yopangidwa posakaniza Yuanqing B, mitundu itatu yosinthika monga mtundu wa ED, mtundu wa Ciba, ndi zina zotero. Kusungunuka kwa utoto uwu nthawi zambiri kumakhala pafupifupi 400 g/L.

Kalasi B, utoto wokhala ndi magulu a heterobireactive (monochloros-triazine+vinylsulfone), monga 3RS yachikasu, 3BS yofiira, 6B yofiira, GWF yofiira, RR mitundu itatu yoyambirira, RGB mitundu itatu yoyambirira, ndi zina zotero. Kusungunuka kwawo kumachokera pa magalamu 200 ~ 300 Kusungunuka kwa meta-ester ndi kwakukulu kuposa kwa para-ester.

Mtundu C: Buluu wabuluu womwenso ndi gulu la heterobireactive: BF, Buluu wabulu ...

Mu njira yachizolowezi yopaka utoto, kuchuluka kwakukulu kwa utoto wowonjezera ndi 80 g/L. Mitundu yakuda yokha ndiyo imafuna utoto wowonjezera kwambiri. Ngati utoto wochuluka mu bafa yopaka utoto uli wochepera 10 g/L, utoto wambiri wosinthika umakhalabe ndi kusungunuka bwino pamlingo uwu ndipo sudzasonkhana pamodzi. Koma vuto lili mu mtsuko. Malinga ndi njira yachizolowezi yopaka utoto, utoto umawonjezedwa kaye, ndipo utoto ukachepetsedwa kwathunthu mu bafa yopaka utoto kuti ukhale wofanana, utoto wowonjezera umawonjezedwa. Mtundu wowonjezera utoto umatha kusungunuka mu mtsuko.

Chitani motsatira njira zotsatirazi

Kuganiza: kuchuluka kwa utoto ndi 5%, chiŵerengero cha mowa ndi 1:10, kulemera kwa nsalu ndi 350Kg (madzi oyenda paipi iwiri), mulingo wa madzi ndi 3.5T, sodium sulfate ndi 60 g/lita, kuchuluka konse kwa sodium sulfate ndi 200Kg (50Kg/paketi yonse ndi mapaketi 4)) (Kutha kwa thanki yazinthu nthawi zambiri kumakhala pafupifupi malita 450). Posungunula sodium sulfate, madzi oundana a dye nthawi zambiri amagwiritsidwa ntchito. Madzi oundana amakhala ndi utoto womwe udawonjezeredwa kale. Nthawi zambiri, madzi oundana a 300L amayamba kuyikidwa mu dye, kenako mapaketi awiri a sodium sulfate (100 kg) amathiridwa.

Vuto ndi ili, utoto wambiri umasonkhana mosiyanasiyana pamlingo uwu wa sodium sulfate. Pakati pawo, mtundu wa C udzakhala ndi kusonkhana kwakukulu, ndipo utoto wa D sudzangosonkhana, komanso udzatulutsa mchere. Ngakhale kuti wogwiritsa ntchito adzatsatira njira yowonjezerera pang'onopang'ono sodium sulfate yankho mu vat ya zinthu mu vat ya utoto kudzera mu pampu yayikulu yoyendera. Koma utoto womwe uli mu yankho la sodium sulfate la malita 300 wapanga ma flocs ndipo watulutsa mchere.

Pamene yankho lonse mu chidebecho ladzazidwa mu chidebe chopaka utoto, zimaonekera bwino kuti pali tinthu ta utoto topaka utoto tomwe tili pakhoma la chidebecho ndi pansi pa chidebecho. Ngati tinthu ta utoto timeneti tachotsedwa ndikuyikidwa m'madzi oyera, nthawi zambiri zimakhala zovuta. Sungunulaninso. Ndipotu, malita 300 a yankho lolowa mu chidebecho cha utoto ndi motere.

Kumbukirani kuti palinso mapaketi awiri a Yuanming Powder omwe adzasungunukanso ndikudzazidwanso mu chotengera cha utoto motere. Izi zikachitika, mabala, mabala, ndi mabala zidzachitika, ndipo kulimba kwa utoto kumachepa kwambiri chifukwa cha utoto pamwamba, ngakhale palibe kusuntha kapena kusungunuka kwa mchere. Kwa Gulu A ndi Gulu B lomwe lili ndi kusungunuka kwakukulu, kuphatikizana kwa utoto kudzachitikanso. Ngakhale kuti utoto uwu sunapangike ma flocculations, mbali ina ya utotowo yapanga kale ma agglomerates.

Ma aggregates awa ndi ovuta kulowa mu ulusi. Chifukwa dera lopanda mawonekedwe a ulusi wa thonje limalola kulowa ndi kufalikira kwa utoto wa mono-ion. Palibe ma aggregates omwe angalowe m'dera lopanda mawonekedwe a ulusi. Amangoyamwa pamwamba pa ulusi. Kuthamanga kwa utoto kudzachepanso kwambiri, ndipo mabala ndi mabala amitundu adzachitikanso pazochitika zazikulu.

Mlingo wa yankho la utoto wochitapo kanthu umakhudzana ndi zinthu za alkaline

Pamene mankhwala a alkali awonjezeredwa, β-ethylsulfone sulfate ya utoto wochitapo kanthu idzakumana ndi zotsatirapo zochotsa zinthu kuti ipange vinyl sulfone yake yeniyeni, yomwe imasungunuka kwambiri m'majini. Popeza kuti njira yochotsera zinthu imafuna mankhwala ochepa a alkali, (nthawi zambiri imakhala yochepera 1/10 ya mlingo wa njira), mlingo wochuluka wa alkali ukawonjezeredwa, utoto wambiri womwe umachotsa zinthuzo. Pamene njira yochotsera zinthuzo ichitika, kusungunuka kwa utoto kudzachepanso.

Chomera chomwecho cha alkali chilinso ndi electrolyte yamphamvu ndipo chili ndi ma ayoni a sodium. Chifukwa chake, kuchuluka kwa ma alkali kungapangitsenso utoto womwe wapanga vinyl sulfone kusonkhana kapena kutuluka mchere. Vuto lomweli limachitikanso mu thanki yazinthu. Pamene chomera cha alkali chasungunuka (tengani soda phulusa mwachitsanzo), ngati yankho la reflux likugwiritsidwa ntchito. Pakadali pano, madzi a reflux ali kale ndi chomera chowonjezera utoto ndi utoto mu kuchuluka kwa njira yachibadwa. Ngakhale kuti gawo la utoto likhoza kukhala litachotsedwa ndi ulusi, osachepera 40% ya utoto wotsalawo uli mu mowa wa utoto. Tiyerekeze kuti paketi ya soda phulusa yathiridwa panthawi yogwira ntchito, ndipo kuchuluka kwa soda phulusa mu thanki kupitirira 80 g/L. Ngakhale ngati chowonjezera utoto mu reflux madzi ndi 80 g/L panthawiyi, utoto mu thanki nawonso udzasungunuka. Utoto wa C ndi D ukhoza kutuluka mchere, makamaka pa utoto wa D, ngakhale kuchuluka kwa soda phulusa kutsika kufika pa 20 g/l, mchere wa m'deralo udzatuluka. Pakati pawo, Brilliant Blue KN.R, Turquoise Blue G, ndi Supervisor BRF ndi omwe amakhudzidwa kwambiri.

Kusakaniza utoto kapena ngakhale kuuchotsa mchere sizikutanthauza kuti utoto wasungunuka kwathunthu. Ngati ndi kuphatikizana kapena kuuchotsa mchere komwe kumachitika chifukwa cha chowonjezera utoto, ukhoza kupakidwa utoto bola ngati ungasungunukenso. Koma kuti usungunukenso, ndikofunikira kuwonjezera chowonjezera chokwanira cha utoto (monga urea 20 g/l kapena kuposerapo), ndipo kutentha kuyenera kukwezedwa kufika pa 90°C kapena kuposerapo ndi kusakaniza kokwanira. Mwachionekere zimakhala zovuta kwambiri pakugwira ntchito kwenikweni.
Pofuna kupewa kuti utoto usasonkhanitse kapena kuthira mchere mu chidebecho, njira yosamutsira utoto iyenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito popanga mitundu yozama komanso yolimba ya utoto wa C ndi D womwe susungunuka kwambiri, komanso utoto wa A ndi B.

Kugwira ntchito ndi kusanthula njira

1. Gwiritsani ntchito chotsukira utoto kuti mubwezeretse chotsukira utoto ndikuchitenthetsa mu chotsukira kuti chisungunuke (60 ~ 80℃). Popeza mulibe utoto m'madzi abwino, chotsukira utoto sichigwirizana ndi nsalu. Chotsukira utoto chosungunuka chingadzazidwe mu chotsukira utoto mwachangu momwe mungathere.

2. Pambuyo poti yankho la brine lazunguliridwa kwa mphindi 5, chotulutsira utoto chimakhala chofanana, kenako yankho la utoto lomwe lasungunuka kale limawonjezeredwa. Njira yotulutsira utoto iyenera kuchepetsedwa ndi yankho la reflux, chifukwa kuchuluka kwa chotulutsira utoto mu yankho la reflux ndi magalamu 80 / L okha, utoto sudzasonkhana. Nthawi yomweyo, chifukwa utoto sudzakhudzidwa ndi chotulutsira utoto (chochepa kwambiri), vuto la utoto lidzachitika. Panthawiyi, njira yotulutsira utoto sikufunika kulamulidwa ndi nthawi yodzaza chotulutsira utoto, ndipo nthawi zambiri imamalizidwa mu mphindi 10-15.

3. Zinthu zosakaniza za alkali ziyenera kukhala ndi madzi ambiri momwe zingathere, makamaka utoto wa C ndi D. Popeza mtundu uwu wa utoto umakhala wovuta kwambiri ndi zinthu zosakaniza za alkali pakakhala zinthu zosakaniza zosakaniza, kusungunuka kwa zinthu zosakaniza za alkali kumakhala kwakukulu (kusungunuka kwa soda phulusa pa 60°C ndi 450 g/L). Madzi oyera ofunikira kuti asungunuke chinthu chosakaniza safunika kukhala ochuluka kwambiri, koma liwiro lowonjezera yankho la alkali liyenera kugwirizana ndi zofunikira pa ndondomekoyi, ndipo nthawi zambiri ndibwino kuwonjezera pang'onopang'ono.

4. Pa utoto wa divinyl sulfone womwe uli m'gulu A, kuchuluka kwa zomwe zimachitika kumakhala kwakukulu chifukwa zimakhudzidwa kwambiri ndi zinthu za alkaline pa 60°C. Pofuna kupewa kusinthasintha kwa mtundu nthawi yomweyo komanso mtundu wosagwirizana, mutha kuwonjezera 1/4 ya chinthu cha alkali pa kutentha kochepa.

Mu njira yosamutsira utoto, ndi mankhwala a alkali okha omwe amafunika kuwongolera kuchuluka kwa chakudya. Njira yosamutsira utoto siigwira ntchito pa njira yotenthetsera yokha, komanso imagwiranso ntchito pa njira yotenthetsera yosasinthasintha. Njira yotenthetsera yosasinthasintha imatha kuwonjezera kusungunuka kwa utoto ndikufulumizitsa kufalikira ndi kulowa kwa utoto. Kuchuluka kwa kutupa kwa dera losasinthika la ulusi pa 60°C kuli pafupifupi kawiri kuposa pa 30°C. Chifukwa chake, njira yotenthetsera yosasinthasintha ndiyoyenera kwambiri tchizi, hank. Ma warp beams amaphatikizapo njira zodyetsera utoto zokhala ndi kuchuluka kochepa kwa mowa, monga jig dyeing, zomwe zimafuna kulowa kwambiri ndi kufalikira kapena kuchuluka kwa utoto kwambiri.

Dziwani kuti sodium sulfate yomwe ilipo pamsika nthawi zina imakhala ya alkaline pang'ono, ndipo PH yake imatha kufika pa 9-10. Izi ndizoopsa kwambiri. Mukayerekeza sodium sulfate yoyera ndi mchere woyera, mchere umakhudza kwambiri kusakanikirana kwa utoto kuposa sodium sulfate. Izi zili choncho chifukwa chakuti sodium ion yofanana ndi sodium sulfate yomwe ili mu mchere wa tebulo ndi yokwera kuposa sodium sulfate yomwe ili ndi kulemera komweko.

Kusonkhanitsa utoto kumagwirizana kwambiri ndi ubwino wa madzi. Kawirikawiri, ma ayoni a calcium ndi magnesium omwe ali pansi pa 150ppm sadzakhudza kwambiri kusonkhanitsa utoto. Komabe, ma ayoni achitsulo cholemera m'madzi, monga ma ayoni a ferric ndi ma ayoni a aluminiyamu, kuphatikizapo tizilombo tina ta algae, adzafulumizitsa kusonkhanitsa utoto. Mwachitsanzo, ngati kuchuluka kwa ma ayoni a ferric m'madzi kupitirira 20 ppm, mphamvu yotsutsana ndi mgwirizano wa utoto ikhoza kuchepetsedwa kwambiri, ndipo mphamvu ya algae imakhala yoopsa kwambiri.

Yophatikizidwa ndi utoto wotsutsana ndi kusakanikirana ndi mayeso oletsa mchere:

Kutsimikiza 1: Yesani 0.5 g ya utoto, 25 g ya sodium sulfate kapena mchere, ndipo muisungunule mu 100 ml ya madzi oyera pa 25°C kwa mphindi pafupifupi 5. Gwiritsani ntchito chubu chothira madzi kuti muyamwe yankholo ndikuponya madontho awiri mosalekeza pamalo omwewo pa pepala losefera.

Kutsimikiza 2: Yesani 0.5 g ya utoto, 8 g ya sodium sulfate kapena mchere ndi 8 g ya soda ash, ndipo muisungunule mu 100 ml ya madzi oyera pa kutentha kwa pafupifupi 25°C kwa mphindi pafupifupi 5. Gwiritsani ntchito chotsitsa kuti muyamwitse yankho pa pepala losefera mosalekeza. Madontho awiri.

Njira yomwe ili pamwambapa ingagwiritsidwe ntchito kungoweruza mphamvu ya utoto yolimbana ndi kusakanikirana kwa zinthu ndi mchere, ndipo kwenikweni ingathe kuweruza njira yopaka utoto yomwe iyenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito.