M'zaka zaposachedwapa, mayiko osiyanasiyana padziko lonse lapansi, makamaka mayiko otukuka, aona kuti kupanga mankhwala abwino kwambiri ngati njira imodzi yofunika kwambiri yopititsira patsogolo ndikukonzanso kapangidwe ka makampani achikhalidwe a mankhwala, ndipo mafakitale awo a mankhwala apita patsogolo motsatira "kusinthasintha" ndi "kukonzanso". Ndi chitukuko chowonjezereka cha zachuma cha anthu, kufunikira kwa anthu kwa zamagetsi, magalimoto, makampani amakina, zipangizo zatsopano zomangira, mphamvu zatsopano ndi zipangizo zatsopano zotetezera chilengedwe kudzawonjezeka kwambiri. Mankhwala amagetsi ndi chidziwitso, mankhwala opangira pamwamba, mankhwala a mankhwala, ndi zina zotero. Ndi chitukuko chowonjezereka, msika wapadziko lonse wa mankhwala abwino kwambiri udzakula mofulumira kuposa makampani achikhalidwe a mankhwala.
*Makemikolo abwino
Mankhwala abwino amatanthauza mankhwala okhala ndi luso lapamwamba, phindu lalikulu komanso chiyero chapamwamba chomwe chingalimbikitse kapena kupatsa chinthu (mtundu) ntchito zinazake kapena kukhala ndi ntchito zinazake popanga ndi kugwiritsa ntchito zinthu zazing'ono, ndipo ndi mankhwala oyambira. Chopangidwa ndi kukonza mozama.
Mu 1986, Unduna wakale wa Zamankhwala unagawa zinthu zopangidwa ndi mankhwala osalala m'magulu 11: (1) mankhwala ophera tizilombo; (2) utoto; (3) zokutira (kuphatikizapo utoto ndi inki); (4) utoto; (5) ma reagents ndi zinthu zoyera kwambiri (6) Mankhwala odziwitsa (kuphatikizapo zinthu zowunikira kuwala, zinthu zamaginito ndi mankhwala ena omwe angalandire mafunde amagetsi); (7) Zowonjezera chakudya ndi chakudya; (8) Zomatira; (9) Zothandizira ndi zowonjezera zosiyanasiyana; (10) Mankhwala (zipangizo zopangira) ndi mankhwala a tsiku ndi tsiku (opangidwa ndi dongosolo la mankhwala); (11) Zipangizo zogwirira ntchito za polima mu ma polima a polima (kuphatikizapo mafilimu ogwirira ntchito, zinthu zozungulira, ndi zina zotero). Ndi chitukuko cha chuma cha dziko, chitukuko ndi kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osalala kudzapitirira kukula, ndipo magulu atsopano adzapitirira kuwonjezeka.
Mankhwala abwino ali ndi makhalidwe awa:
(1) Mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya zinthu ndi ntchito zosiyanasiyana
Pali mitundu 40-50 ya mankhwala abwino padziko lonse lapansi, okhala ndi mitundu yoposa 100,000. Mankhwala abwino amagwiritsidwa ntchito m'mbali zonse za moyo watsiku ndi tsiku, monga mankhwala, utoto, mankhwala ophera tizilombo, zokutira, mankhwala opangidwa tsiku ndi tsiku, zipangizo zamagetsi, mankhwala a mapepala, inki, zowonjezera chakudya, zowonjezera chakudya, mankhwala amadzi, ndi zina zotero, komanso mu ndege, biotechnology, ukadaulo wazidziwitso, zipangizo zatsopano, ukadaulo watsopano wa mphamvu, kuteteza chilengedwe ndi ntchito zina zamakono zapamwamba zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri.
(2) Ukadaulo wopangira zinthu zovuta
Pali mitundu yambiri ya mankhwala abwino, ndipo chinthu chimodzi chapakati chikhoza kuwonjezeredwa ku zinthu zingapo kapena zambiri zotumphukira pazifukwa zosiyanasiyana kudzera munjira zosiyanasiyana. Njira yopangira ndi yovuta komanso yosinthika, ndipo ukadaulo ndi wovuta. Mitundu yonse ya mankhwala abwino amafunika kupangidwa mu labotale, mayeso ang'onoang'ono, mayeso oyendetsa kenako kupanga kwakukulu. Amafunikanso kusinthidwa kapena kukonzedwa pakapita nthawi malinga ndi kusintha kwa zosowa za makasitomala otsika. Zofunikira pa kukhazikika kwa khalidwe la malonda ndi zapamwamba, ndipo kampaniyo iyenera kupanga mosalekeza. Kupititsa patsogolo njira ndikusonkhanitsa chidziwitso mu ndondomekoyi. Chifukwa chake, chitukuko cha mankhwala abwino m'magawo, kusonkhanitsa chidziwitso mu njira zopangira komanso kuthekera kopanga zatsopano ndiye mpikisano waukulu wa bizinesi yabwino ya mankhwala.
(3) Mtengo wokwera wa zinthu
Njira yopangira zinthu zopangidwa ndi mankhwala abwino ndi yayitali ndipo imafuna ntchito zambirimbiri. Njira yopangira ndi yovuta kwambiri. Njira yopangira imakwaniritsa zochitika zofatsa, malo otetezeka ogwirira ntchito, komanso machitidwe enaake a mankhwala kuti akwaniritse mankhwala. Kulekanitsa kosavuta komanso kukolola kwakukulu kumafuna ukadaulo wapamwamba komanso zida zochitira zinthu. Chifukwa chake, zinthu zopangidwa ndi mankhwala abwino nthawi zambiri zimakhala ndi phindu lalikulu.
(4) Mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya zinthu zopangidwa ndi zinthu zosiyanasiyana
Mu ntchito zenizeni, mankhwala abwino amawoneka ngati ntchito yonse ya zinthu. Izi zimafuna kuwunika kapangidwe ka mankhwala osiyanasiyana popanga mankhwala, ndikugwiritsa ntchito mokwanira mgwirizano wa mankhwala abwino ndi mankhwala ena popanga mitundu ya mlingo. Pali zofunikira zosiyanasiyana za mankhwala abwino popanga mafakitale, ndipo zimakhala zovuta kuti chinthu chimodzi chikwaniritse zosowa za kupanga kapena kugwiritsa ntchito. Tengani makampani osamalira madzi komwe kampaniyo ili mwachitsanzo. Mankhwala apadera omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito m'munda uno akuphatikizapo fungicides ndi algaecides, Scale agents, corrosion inhibitors, flocculants, ndi zina zotero, ndipo mankhwala a ntchito iliyonse amatha kuwonjezeredwa ndi mankhwala angapo.
(5) Chogulitsachi chili ndi kukhuthala kwakukulu kwa makasitomala otsika
Zinthu zopangidwa ndi mankhwala abwino nthawi zambiri zimagwiritsidwa ntchito m'malo enaake opangira mafakitale kapena kuti zikwaniritse ntchito zinazake za zinthu zomwe zili pansi pa nthaka. Chifukwa chake, ogwiritsa ntchito ali ndi zofunikira zapamwamba pa khalidwe ndi kukhazikika kwa zinthu, ndipo njira yosankha ogulitsa ndi miyezo yake ndi yokhwima kwambiri. Mukangolowa pamndandanda wa ogulitsa, sizingasinthidwe mosavuta.