M'zaka zaposachedwa, mayiko osiyanasiyana padziko lonse lapansi, makamaka mayiko otukuka kwambiri, awona kupanga zinthu zabwino zamankhwala ngati imodzi mwamagawo ofunikira pakukweza ndikusintha mafakitale am'mafakitale achikhalidwe, ndipo mafakitale awo apanga mankhwala. za "zosiyanasiyana" ndi "kukonzanso".Ndi chitukuko chowonjezereka cha chuma cha chikhalidwe cha anthu, zofuna za anthu zamagetsi, magalimoto, makampani opanga makina, zipangizo zatsopano zomangira, mphamvu zatsopano ndi zipangizo zatsopano zotetezera chilengedwe zidzawonjezeka.Zamagetsi ndi chidziwitso mankhwala, pamwamba uinjiniya mankhwala, mankhwala mankhwala, ndi zina zotero.
*Makemikali abwino
Mankhwala abwino amatanthawuza mankhwala omwe ali ndi luso lapamwamba kwambiri, mtengo wowonjezera komanso woyera kwambiri womwe ukhoza kupititsa patsogolo kapena kupatsa mankhwala (mtundu) ndi ntchito zinazake kapena kukhala ndi ntchito zinazake popanga ndi kugwiritsa ntchito magulu ang'onoang'ono, ndipo ndi mankhwala ena ofunika kwambiri.Chopangidwa chakuya processing.
Mu 1986, Unduna wakale wa Makampani a Chemical unagawa mankhwala abwino kwambiri m'magulu 11: (1) mankhwala ophera tizilombo;(2) utoto;(3) zokutira (kuphatikizapo utoto ndi inki);(4) utoto;(5) ma reagents ndi zinthu zoyera kwambiri (6) Mankhwala azidziwitso (kuphatikiza zinthu zowoneka bwino, zida zamaginito ndi mankhwala ena omwe angalandire mafunde amagetsi);(7) Zakudya ndi zakudya zowonjezera;(8) Zomatira;(9) Zothandizira ndi zowonjezera zosiyanasiyana;(10) Mankhwala (zopangira) ndi mankhwala a tsiku ndi tsiku (opangidwa ndi dongosolo la mankhwala);(11) Zida zogwirira ntchito za polima mu ma polima a polima (kuphatikiza makanema ogwirira ntchito, zida zopangira polarizing, ndi zina).Ndi chitukuko cha chuma cha dziko, chitukuko ndi kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala abwino adzapitiriza kukula, ndipo magulu atsopano adzapitiriza kuwonjezeka.
Mankhwala abwino ali ndi izi:
(1) Zogulitsa zosiyanasiyana komanso ntchito zambiri
Pali mitundu 40-50 yamankhwala abwino padziko lonse lapansi, okhala ndi mitundu yopitilira 100,000.Mankhwala abwino amagwiritsidwa ntchito m'mbali zonse za moyo wa tsiku ndi tsiku, monga mankhwala, utoto, mankhwala ophera tizilombo, zokutira, mankhwala a tsiku ndi tsiku, zipangizo zamagetsi, mankhwala a mapepala, inki, zowonjezera zakudya, zowonjezera chakudya, kuyeretsa madzi, ndi zina zotero, komanso mumlengalenga. , biotechnology, Information Technology, zipangizo zatsopano, teknoloji yatsopano yamagetsi, kuteteza chilengedwe ndi ntchito zina zamakono zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri.
(2) Ukadaulo wopanga zovuta
Pali mitundu yambiri yamankhwala abwino, ndipo chinthu chapakatikati chomwechi chitha kuwonjezeredwa kuzinthu zingapo kapena zingapo pazolinga zosiyanasiyana kudzera munjira zosiyanasiyana.Njira yopanga ndi yovuta komanso yosinthika, ndipo ukadaulo ndizovuta.Mitundu yonse yamankhwala abwino amafunikira kupangidwa kwa labotale, kuyezetsa pang'ono, kuyezetsa woyendetsa ndiyeno kupanga kwakukulu.Ayeneranso kusinthidwa kapena kusinthidwa pakapita nthawi malinga ndi kusintha kwa zosowa za makasitomala akumunsi.Zofunikira pakukhazikika kwazinthu ndizokwera, ndipo kampaniyo imayenera kupanga mosalekeza kukonza njira ndikudziunjikira zomwe zikuchitika.Chifukwa chake, kutukuka kochokera kwazinthu zabwino zamankhwala m'magawo, kudzikundikira kwa chidziwitso pakupanga ndi kuthekera kopanga zatsopano ndiye mpikisano waukulu wabizinesi yabwino yama mankhwala.
(3) Mtengo wowonjezera wazinthu
Kapangidwe kazinthu zopangidwa ndi mankhwala abwino ndiatali kwambiri ndipo kumafuna magwiridwe antchito angapo.Njira yopangira zinthu imakhala yovuta.Njira yopanga imakumana ndi zinthu zofatsa, malo ogwiritsira ntchito otetezeka, ndi zochitika zenizeni za mankhwala kuti akwaniritse mankhwala Kupatukana kosavuta ndi zokolola zapamwamba zimafuna luso lapamwamba la ndondomeko ndi zida zomwe zimachitikira.Chifukwa chake, mankhwala abwino nthawi zambiri amakhala ndi mtengo wowonjezera.
(4) Mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya mankhwala
Muzochita zogwiritsidwa ntchito, mankhwala abwino amawoneka ngati ntchito zonse zazinthu.Izi zimafuna kuwunika kwamitundu yosiyanasiyana yamankhwala pamaphatikizidwe amankhwala, ndikugwiritsa ntchito bwino mgwirizano wamankhwala abwino ndi mankhwala ena popanga mafomu a mlingo.Pali zofuna zosiyanasiyana za mankhwala abwino popanga mafakitale, ndipo zimakhala zovuta kuti chinthu chimodzi chikwaniritse zosowa za kupanga kapena kugwiritsa ntchito.Tengani makampani opangira madzi komwe kampaniyo ili mwachitsanzo.Mankhwala apadera omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito pamundawu ndi monga fungicides ndi algaecides, Scale agents, corrosion inhibitors, flocculants, etc., ndi mankhwala othandizira pa cholinga chilichonse amatha kuphatikizidwa ndi mankhwala angapo.
(5) Mankhwalawa ali ndi kukhuthala kwakukulu kwa makasitomala akumunsi
Mankhwala abwino amagwiritsidwa ntchito m'malo enaake opangira mafakitale kapena kukwaniritsa ntchito zinazake za zinthu zakumunsi.Chifukwa chake, ogwiritsa ntchito ali ndi zofunikira zapamwamba pazabwino komanso kukhazikika kwazinthu, ndipo njira yosankha ogulitsa ndi yolimba kwambiri.Kamodzi adalowa mndandanda wa ogulitsa, Sadzasinthidwa mosavuta.