Mkhalidwe wamakono: makampani opanga mankhwala akuyang'ana kwambiri pa kupanga mankhwala a mankhwala, mankhwala achilengedwe ndi mankhwala achikhalidwe aku China, ndipo kupanga kwake kuli ndi mawonekedwe osiyanasiyana a zinthu, njira zovuta komanso miyeso yosiyanasiyana yopangira.
Madzi otayira omwe amapangidwa ndi mankhwala amakhala ndi zinthu zambiri zoipitsa, zinthu zovuta kuzikonza, kuwonongeka kwa chilengedwe komanso poizoni wambiri wachilengedwe.
Kupanga mankhwala ndi kuwiritsa mankhwala Kutulutsa madzi otayira ndi vuto komanso mfundo yofunika kwambiri pakuwongolera kuipitsa kwa makampani opanga mankhwala.
Madzi otayira omwe amapangidwa ndi mankhwala ndi chinthu chachikulu chomwe chimawononga chilengedwe panthawi yopanga mankhwala [2].
Madzi otayira mankhwala akhoza kugawidwa m'magulu anayi [3], mwachitsanzo madzi otayira ndi madzi otayira omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga;
Madzi otsala omwe akubwezeretsedwa akuphatikizapo zosungunulira, madzi oyambira, zinthu zina, ndi zina zotero.
Kutulutsa madzi othandizira monga madzi ozizira, ndi zina zotero.
Zipangizo ndi madzi otayira pansi;
Zimbudzi zapakhomo.
Ukadaulo wochizira madzi otayira apakati a mankhwala
Poganizira makhalidwe a madzi otayira apakati a mankhwala monga COD yambiri, nayitrogeni yambiri, phosphorous yambiri, mchere wambiri, chroma yozama, kapangidwe kake kovuta komanso kuwonongeka kwachilengedwe, njira zochiritsira zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri zimaphatikizapo chithandizo cha physicochemical ndi njira yochizira ya biochemical [6].
Malinga ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya ubwino wa madzi otayira, njira zingapo monga kuphatikiza njira za fizikiki ndi njira zamoyo zidzagwiritsidwanso ntchito [7].
Chithunzicho
1. Ukadaulo wa mankhwala ndi thupi
Pakadali pano, njira zazikulu zochizira madzi otayira pogwiritsa ntchito mankhwala ndi monga: njira yodutsira mpweya, njira yolumikizira madzi, njira yothira madzi, njira yosinthira madzi, njira yoyaka ndi njira yopititsira patsogolo kusungunuka kwa madzi [8].
Kuphatikiza apo, njira zoyeretsera madzi pogwiritsa ntchito electrolysis ndi mankhwala, monga njira zoyeretsera madzi pogwiritsa ntchito FE-C micro-electrolysis ndi njira zoyeretsera madzi pogwiritsa ntchito MAP kuti nayitrogeni ndi phosphorous zichotsedwe, zimagwiritsidwanso ntchito kwambiri pochiza madzi otayira apakati a mankhwala.
1.1 Njira yolumikizira ndi kuyika matope
Njira yolumikizirana ndi njira yomwe tinthu tomwe timayimitsidwa ndi tinthu ta colloidal m'madzi timasanduka osakhazikika powonjezera mankhwala kenako n’kusonkhanitsidwa kukhala ma floc kapena ma floc omwe ndi osavuta kuwalekanitsa.
Pakadali pano, ukadaulo uwu nthawi zambiri umagwiritsidwa ntchito pochiza madzi otayira mankhwala asanayambe, komanso pochiza madzi otayira mankhwala [10].
Ukadaulo wothira madzi ndi kutsekeka kwa nthaka uli ndi ubwino wa ukadaulo wokhwima, zida zosavuta, ntchito yokhazikika komanso kukonza kosavuta.
Komabe, padzakhala matope ambiri a mankhwala omwe adzapangidwe pogwiritsa ntchito ukadaulo uwu, zomwe zingapangitse kuti pH ya madzi otayira ikhale yochepa komanso kuti madzi otayira azikhala ndi mchere wambiri.
Kuphatikiza apo, ukadaulo wothira madzi ndi kutsekeka kwa nthaka sungathe kuchotsa bwino zinthu zoipitsa zomwe zasungunuka m'madzi otayira, komanso sungathe kuchotsa kwathunthu zinthu zoipitsa komanso zovulaza zomwe zili m'madzi otayira.
1.2 Njira yopezera madzi pogwiritsa ntchito mankhwala
Njira yothira madzi m'madzi otayira ndi njira ya mankhwala yochotsera zinthu zoipitsa m'madzi otayira pogwiritsa ntchito mankhwala pakati pa zinthu zosungunuka m'madzi otayira ndi zinthu zoipitsa m'madzi otayira kuti apange mchere wosasungunuka, ma hydroxide kapena zinthu zovuta.
Madzi otayira apakati a mankhwala nthawi zambiri amakhala ndi ammonia nayitrogeni wambiri, phosphate ndi sulfate ayoni, ndi zina zotero. Pa madzi otayira amtunduwu, njira yothira mankhwala nthawi zambiri imagwiritsidwa ntchito pochiza matenda a thupi ndi mankhwala kuti zitsimikizire kuti njira yotsatira yochizira matenda a biochemical ikugwira ntchito bwino.
Monga ukadaulo wachikhalidwe wosamalira madzi, nthawi zambiri mankhwala amagwiritsidwa ntchito kufewetsa madzi otayira.
Chifukwa cha kugwiritsa ntchito zipangizo zopangira mankhwala oyeretsera kwambiri popanga madzi otayira apakatikati, madzi otayira nthawi zambiri amakhala ndi ammonia nayitrogeni ndi phosphorous yambiri ndi zinthu zina zoipitsa, pogwiritsa ntchito njira ya magnesium ammonium phosphate chemical precipitation, amatha kuchotsa zinthu ziwiri zoipitsa nthawi imodzi, ndipo magnesium ammonium phosphate salt precipitation imatha kubwezeretsedwanso.
Njira ya Magnesium ammonium phosphate chemical precipitation imadziwikanso kuti njira ya struvite.
Pakupanga mankhwala osakaniza mankhwala, sulfuric acid yambiri imagwiritsidwa ntchito m'mafakitale ena, ndipo pH ya gawo ili la madzi otayidwa ikhoza kukhala yotsika. Pofuna kukweza pH ya madzi otayidwa ndikuchotsa ma sulfate ions nthawi imodzi, njira yowonjezera CaO imagwiritsidwa ntchito nthawi zambiri, yomwe imatchedwa njira ya chemical precipitation ya quicklime desulfurization.
1.3 kuyamwa
Mfundo yochotsera zoipitsa m'madzi otayira pogwiritsa ntchito njira yothira madzi imatanthauza kugwiritsa ntchito zinthu zolimba zokhala ndi mabowo kuti zinyamule zoipitsa zinazake kapena zosiyanasiyana m'madzi otayira, kuti zoipitsa m'madzi otayira zichotsedwe kapena kubwezeretsedwanso.
Ma adsorbents omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri ndi monga phulusa la ntchentche, slag, kaboni wokonzedwa ndi utomoni wothira madzi, zomwe kaboni wokonzedwa ndi womwe umagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri.
1.4 mpweya woyandama
Njira yoyandama mpweya ndi njira yoyeretsera madzi otayira pomwe thovu laling'ono lomwazikana kwambiri limagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati zonyamulira kuti likhale logwirizana ndi zinthu zoipitsa m'madzi otayira. Chifukwa kuchuluka kwa thovu laling'ono lomwe limamatira ku zinthu zoipitsa ndi kochepa kuposa madzi ndipo limayandama mmwamba, kulekanitsidwa kwa madzi olimba kapena madzi ndi madzi kumachitika.
Mitundu ya kuyandama kwa mpweya imaphatikizapo kuyandama kwa mpweya wosungunuka, kuyandama kwa mpweya wolowa ndi mpweya, kuyandama kwa mpweya pogwiritsa ntchito electrolysis ndi kuyandama kwa mpweya pogwiritsa ntchito mankhwala, ndi zina zotero [18], zomwe ndi kuyandama kwa mpweya pogwiritsa ntchito mankhwala oyenera kuchiza madzi otayidwa okhala ndi zinthu zambiri zopachikidwa.
Njira yoyandama mumlengalenga ili ndi ubwino wa ndalama zochepa, njira yosavuta, kukonza kosavuta komanso kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zochepa, koma singachotse bwino zinthu zoipitsa zomwe zili m'madzi otayira.
1.5 electrolysis
Njira ya electrolytic ndi kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu yamagetsi yomwe yakhudzidwa, kupanga machitidwe osiyanasiyana a mankhwala, kusintha zinthu zoipitsa m'madzi otayidwa ndipo zachotsedwa, mfundo ya njira ya electrolytic yomwe imachitika mu yankho la electrolyte ndi kudzera mu zinthu za electrode ndi electrode reaction, kupanga mpweya watsopano wachilengedwe ndi hydrogen [H] ndi kuchotsa zinthu zoipitsa m'madzi otayidwa.
Njira yogwiritsira ntchito magetsi imagwira ntchito bwino kwambiri komanso yosavuta pochiza madzi otayira. Nthawi yomweyo, njira yogwiritsira ntchito magetsi imatha kuchotsa zinthu zofiirira m'madzi otayira ndikuwonjezera kuwonongeka kwa madzi otayira.
Chithunzicho
2. Ukadaulo wapamwamba wa okosijeni
Ukadaulo wapamwamba wa okosijeni, monga ukadaulo watsopano wosamalira madzi, uli ndi zabwino zambiri, monga kuwononga bwino kwambiri zinthu zoipitsa, kuwonongeka bwino kwambiri ndi okosijeni wa zinthu zoipitsa komanso kusawononganso zinthu zina.
Ukadaulo wapamwamba wa okosijeni, womwe umadziwikanso kuti ukadaulo wozama wa okosijeni, ndi ukadaulo wamankhwala wa thupi ndi mankhwala womwe umagwiritsa ntchito okosijeni, kuwala, magetsi, phokoso, maginito ndi chothandizira kupanga ma free radicals amphamvu kwambiri (monga · OH) kuti awononge zinthu zoipitsa zachilengedwe zokana.
Pankhani yokhudza mankhwala ophera madzi otayira, ukadaulo wapamwamba wa okosijeni wakhala chinthu chofunikira kwambiri pakufufuza ndi kuyang'anitsitsa.
Ukadaulo wapamwamba wa okosijeni umaphatikizapo makamaka okosijeni wamagetsi, okosijeni wa mankhwala, okosijeni wa ultrasonic, okosijeni wonyowa wa chothandizira, okosijeni wa photocatalytic, okosijeni wa composite catalytic, okosijeni wamadzi wofunikira kwambiri komanso ukadaulo wapamwamba wa okosijeni wophatikizana.
Njira yothira mankhwala ndi kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala okha kapena pansi pa mikhalidwe ina yokhala ndi okosijeni wamphamvu kuti aphike zinthu zonyansa zamoyo m'madzi otayidwa kuti akwaniritse cholinga chochotsa zinthu zonyansa, njira zothira mankhwala kuphatikizapo ozoni, njira ya Fenton yothira mankhwala ndi njira yonyowa yothira mankhwala.
2.1 Njira yothira mafuta ya Fenton
Njira ya Fenton oxidation ndi njira yapamwamba kwambiri yopangira okosijeni yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pakadali pano. Njirayi imagwiritsa ntchito mchere wa ferric (Fe2+ kapena Fe3+) ngati chothandizira kupanga ·OH yokhala ndi okosijeni wamphamvu pansi pa kuwonjezera H2O2, yomwe imatha kukhala ndi okosijeni ndi zonyansa zachilengedwe popanda kusankha kuti ikwaniritse kuwonongeka ndi kuchepetsedwa kwa mchere wa zonyansa.
Njirayi ili ndi zabwino zambiri, kuphatikizapo liwiro la kuchitapo kanthu mwachangu, kusakhala ndi kuipitsidwa kwachiwiri komanso kuipitsidwa kwamphamvu, ndi zina zotero. Njira ya Fenton yophikira imagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pochiza madzi otayidwa ndi mankhwala chifukwa cha kusasankha kwa kuipitsidwa kwa mankhwala ndipo njira iyi imatha kuchepetsa poizoni wa madzi otayidwa ndi zina.
2.2 Njira yothira okosijeni yamagetsi
Njira yogwiritsira ntchito ma electrode oxidation pogwiritsa ntchito electrode kupanga superoxide free radical ·O2 ndi hydroxyl free radical ·OH, zonse ziwiri zomwe zimakhala ndi mphamvu yayikulu yogwiritsira ntchito ma oxide, zimatha kupangitsa kuti zinthu zachilengedwe zilowe m'madzi otayira, kenako n'kukwaniritsa cholinga chochotsa zinthu zoipitsa.
Komabe, njira iyi ili ndi makhalidwe monga kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zambiri komanso kukwera mtengo.
2.3 Kusungunuka kwa Photocatalytic
Kusungunuka kwa Photocatalytic ndi ukadaulo wothandiza kwambiri pa ukadaulo wotsuka madzi, womwe umagwiritsa ntchito zinthu zosungunulira (monga TiO2, SrO2, WO3, SnO2, ndi zina zotero) ngati zonyamulira zosungunulira kuti zichotse zinthu zosungunulira madzi m'madzi otayidwa, kuti zitheke kuchotsa zinthu zosungunulira madzi.
Popeza mankhwala ambiri omwe ali m'madzi otayira mankhwala ndi zinthu za polar zokhala ndi magulu a acid kapena zinthu za polar zokhala ndi magulu a alkaline, zinthu zotere zimatha kuwonongeka mwachindunji kapena mwanjira ina ndi kuwala.
2.4 Kusungunuka kwa madzi koopsa kwambiri
Kusungunuka kwa madzi koopsa kwambiri (SCWO) ndi mtundu wa ukadaulo wochizira madzi womwe umatenga madzi ngati njira yochizira ndikugwiritsa ntchito mawonekedwe apadera a madzi omwe ali mu mkhalidwe woopsa kwambiri kuti awonjezere kuchuluka kwa zomwe zimachitika ndikukwaniritsa kusungunuka kwathunthu kwa zinthu zachilengedwe.
2.5 Ukadaulo wapamwamba wophatikizana wa okosijeni
Ukadaulo uliwonse wapamwamba wa okosijeni umagwiritsa ntchito zoletsa zake, kuti uwonjezere kugwira ntchito bwino kwa kuyeretsa madzi otayidwa, mndandanda wa ukadaulo wapamwamba wa okosijeni umaphatikizidwa pamodzi, kupanga kuphatikiza kwa ukadaulo wapamwamba wa okosijeni, kapena ukadaulo umodzi wapamwamba wa okosijeni wophatikizidwa ndi ukadaulo wina kukhala ukadaulo watsopano kuti ukonze mphamvu ya okosijeni ndi zotsatira zake pakuchiritsa ndikukwaniritsa kusintha kwa khalidwe la madzi mu mankhwala akuluakulu.
UV-Fenton, UV-H2O2, UV-O3, ultrasound photocatalysis, activated carbon photocatalysis, microwave photocatalysis ndi photocatalysis, ndi zina zotero. Pakadali pano, ukadaulo wophatikiza ozoni wophunziridwa kwambiri ndi uwu [36]:
Njira ya kaboni yogwiritsidwa ntchito ndi ozoni, O3-H2O2 ndi UV-O3, chifukwa cha mphamvu ya mankhwala a madzi otayira komanso kugwiritsa ntchito uinjiniya, O3-H2O2 ndi UV-O3 ali ndi kuthekera kwakukulu kopanga zinthu.
Njira yodziwika bwino yophatikiza Fenton imaphatikizapo njira ya Fenton ya micro-electrolysis, njira ya H2O2 yophimbidwa ndi chitsulo, njira ya Fenton yopangidwa ndi photochemical (monga njira ya Fenton ya dzuwa, njira ya UV-Fenton, ndi zina zotero), koma njira ya Fenton yamagetsi imagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri.
Chithunzicho
3. Ukadaulo wa mankhwala a biochemical
Ukadaulo wa zamankhwala a biochemical ndiye ukadaulo waukulu pakuchiza madzi otayidwa, kudzera mu kukula kwa tizilombo toyambitsa matenda, kagayidwe kachakudya, kuberekana ndi njira zina zowola zinthu zachilengedwe m'madzi otayidwa, kupeza mphamvu zawo zomwe zimafunikira ndikukwaniritsa cholinga chochotsa zinthu zachilengedwe.
3.1 Ukadaulo wa zamankhwala a Anaerobic
Ukadaulo wa zamankhwala a anaerobic umachitika popanda mpweya wa mamolekyulu, kugwiritsa ntchito kagayidwe ka mabakiteriya a anaerobic, kudzera mu njira ya hydrolytic acidification, kupanga hydrogen acetic acid ndi kupanga methane ndi njira zina zosinthira macromolecules, zovuta kuwononga zinthu zachilengedwe kukhala CH4, CO2, H2O ndi zinthu zazing'ono zachilengedwe.
Madzi otayira mankhwala opangidwa nthawi zambiri amakhala ndi zinthu zambiri zachilengedwe zozungulira zomwe sizingawonongeke mwachindunji ndikugwiritsidwa ntchito ndi mabakiteriya oyenda pansi pa nthaka, kotero ukadaulo wamakono wochiritsira madzi otayira mpweya wakhala njira yayikulu yochizira madzi otayira mankhwala kunyumba ndi kunja [43].
Ukadaulo wa zamankhwala a anaerobic uli ndi zabwino zambiri: njira yogwiritsira ntchito riyakitala ya anaerobic sikufunika kupereka mpweya, kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu kumakhala kochepa;
Madzi okhala ndi mphamvu ya anaerobic nthawi zambiri amakhala ndi katundu wambiri.
Zosowa zochepa za michere;
Kuchuluka kwa matope a anaerobic reactor ndi kochepa, ndipo matopewo ndi osavuta kuumitsa.
Methane yomwe imapangidwa mu njira ya anaerobic imatha kubwezeretsedwanso ngati mphamvu.
Komabe, madzi otuluka popanda mpweya sangathe kutulutsidwa mokwanira, ndipo amafunika kukonzedwanso motsatira njira zina. Komabe, ukadaulo wa mankhwala a anaerobic umakhudzidwa ndi pH, kutentha ndi zinthu zina. Ngati kusinthasintha kuli kwakukulu, momwe madzi amatulutsira mpweya zidzakhudzidwira mwachindunji, kenako khalidwe la madzi otuluka lidzakhudzidwa.
3.2 Ukadaulo wa zamankhwala a aerobic
Ukadaulo wa zamoyo wogwiritsa ntchito aerobic biological treatment ndi ukadaulo wa zamoyo womwe umagwiritsa ntchito oxidative decomposition ndi assimilation synthesis ya mabakiteriya ozungulira kuti achotse zinthu zachilengedwe zomwe zawonongeka. Pakukula ndi kagayidwe kazakudya za zamoyo zozungulira, kuchuluka kwa kubereka kudzachitika, komwe kudzapanga matope atsopano oyendetsedwa. Madzi ochulukirapo oyendetsedwa adzatulutsidwa kudzera mu matope otsala, ndipo madzi otayira adzayeretsedwa nthawi yomweyo.

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