Mkhalidwe wamakono: makampani opanga mankhwala makamaka amaganizira kaphatikizidwe ka mankhwala, mankhwala achilengedwe ndi mankhwala achi China, ndipo kupanga ali ndi makhalidwe azinthu zosiyanasiyana, njira zovuta komanso masikelo osiyanasiyana opangira.
Madzi otayira omwe amapangidwa ndi njira yamankhwala amakhala ndi mawonekedwe oipitsa kwambiri, zigawo zovuta, kuwonongeka kwachilengedwe komanso kuwopsa kwachilengedwe.
Chemical kaphatikizidwe ndi nayonso mphamvu kupanga mankhwala kupanga madzi oipa ndiye vuto ndi mfundo yaikulu mu makampani mankhwala kuwononga kuwononga.
Chemical synthesis madzi oyipa ndi chinthu chachikulu choipitsa chomwe chimatulutsidwa panthawi yopanga mankhwala [2].
Madzi otayira a mankhwala akhoza kugawidwa m'magulu anayi [3], mwachitsanzo, madzi otayira ndi amayi popanga;
Madzi otsalira omwe akuchira akuphatikiza zosungunulira, zosungunulira zofunika, zopangira, ndi zina.
Njira zothandizira ngalande monga madzi ozizira, etc.
Zida ndi madzi otayira pansi otayira;
Zonyansa zapakhomo.
Tekinoloje yochizira madzi otayira apakati azamankhwala
Potengera mawonekedwe amadzi otayira apakatikati amankhwala monga COD yapamwamba, nayitrogeni wambiri, phosphorous wambiri, mchere wambiri, chroma yakuya, kapangidwe kake kovutirapo komanso kuwonongeka kwachilengedwe, njira zochizira zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito nthawi zambiri zimaphatikizapo chithandizo chamankhwala a physicochemical ndi njira yamankhwala achilengedwe [6].
Malinga ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana yamadzi onyansa, njira zingapo monga kuphatikiza kwa physicochemical process ndi biological process zidzagwiritsidwanso ntchito [7].
Chithunzi
1. Ukadaulo wamankhwala amthupi ndi mankhwala
Pakalipano, njira zazikulu zothandizira thupi ndi mankhwala zopangira madzi otayira mankhwala zimaphatikizapo: gasi flotation njira, coagulation sedimentation njira, adsorption njira, reverse osmosis njira, incineration njira ndi patsogolo makutidwe ndi okosijeni njira [8].
Kuphatikiza apo, njira zopangira ma electrolysis ndi mpweya wamankhwala, monga FE-C micro-electrolysis ndi njira za mpweya za MAP zochotsa nayitrogeni ndi phosphorous, zimagwiritsidwanso ntchito pochiza madzi otayira apakatikati amankhwala.
1.1 Njira yophatikizira ndi kutsitsa
Coagulation ndondomeko ndi ndondomeko imene inaimitsidwa particles ndi colloidal particles m'madzi amasandulika kusakhazikika boma powonjezera wothandizila mankhwala ndiyeno aggregated mu flocs kapena flocs kuti n'zosavuta kupatukana.
Pakadali pano, ukadaulo uwu nthawi zambiri umagwiritsidwa ntchito pothandizira, chithandizo chapakati komanso chithandizo chapamwamba chamadzi otayira amankhwala [10].
Ukadaulo wa coagulation ndi sedimentation uli ndi zabwino zaukadaulo wokhwima, zida zosavuta, ntchito yokhazikika komanso kukonza bwino.
Komabe, padzakhala matope ochuluka a mankhwala opangidwa pogwiritsira ntchito lusoli, zomwe zidzachititsa kuti pH ikhale yochepa kwambiri komanso mchere wambiri wamadzi otayira.
Kuphatikiza apo, ukadaulo wa coagulation ndi sedimentation sungathe kuchotsa bwino zowononga zomwe zasungunuka m'madzi oyipa, komanso sungathe kuchotseratu zowononga zapoizoni komanso zovulaza m'madzi onyansa.
1.2 Njira yamvula ya Chemical
Chemical precipitation method ndi njira yamankhwala yochotsera zowononga m'madzi anyansi pogwiritsa ntchito ma chemical reaction pakati pa sungunuka wa mankhwala osungunuka ndi zoyipitsidwa m'madzi onyansa kuti apange mchere wosasungunuka, ma hydroxides kapena zinthu zovuta.
Mankhwala wapakatikati zinyalala zambiri amakhala mkulu ndende ya ammonia nayitrogeni, mankwala ndi ayoni sulphate, etc. Pakuti mtundu uwu wa madzi oipa, mankhwala mpweya njira zambiri ntchito kwa thupi ndi mankhwala pretreatment kuonetsetsa ntchito yachibadwa ya wotsatira zamchere zamchere mankhwala ndondomeko.
Monga ukadaulo wazidziwitso wamadzi, mvula yam'madzi imagwiritsidwa ntchito kufewetsa madzi oyipa.
Chifukwa cha ntchito mkulu chiyero mankhwala zopangira popanga mankhwala wapakatikati zinyalala, madzi oipa nthawi zambiri amakhala mkulu ndende ya ammonia nayitrogeni ndi phosphorous ndi zoipitsa zina, ntchito magnesium ammonium mankwala mankhwala mpweya njira akhoza bwino kuchotsa zoipitsa awiri pa nthawi yomweyo. nthawi, kwaiye magnesium ammonium phosphate mchere mpweya akhoza zobwezerezedwanso.
Magnesium ammonium phosphate chemical precipitation njira imadziwikanso kuti njira ya struvite.
Popanga mankhwala apakatikati, kuchuluka kwa sulfuric acid nthawi zambiri kumagwiritsidwa ntchito m'mashopu ena, ndipo pH ya gawo ili lamadzi otayira ikhoza kukhala yotsika.Pofuna kupititsa patsogolo pH ya madzi otayika ndikuchotsa ma sulfate ions nthawi imodzi, njira yowonjezera CaO imagwiritsidwa ntchito nthawi zambiri, yomwe imatchedwa kuti chemical precipitation method of quicklime desulfurization.
1.3 adsorption
Mfundo yochotsa zowononga m'madzi onyansa pogwiritsa ntchito njira ya adsorption imatanthawuza kugwiritsa ntchito zinthu zolimba zokhala ndi porous kuti adsorbe zowononga zina kapena zosiyanasiyana m'madzi onyansa, kotero kuti zowononga zomwe zili m'madzi onyansa zitha kuchotsedwa kapena kubwezeretsedwanso.
Ma adsorbents omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito nthawi zambiri amaphatikizapo monga phulusa la ntchentche, slag, activated carbon ndi adsorption resin, zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri kaboni.
1.4 kuyandama kwa mpweya
Njira yakuyandama kwa mpweya ndi njira yochizira madzi oyipa momwe tinthu tating'ono tating'ono tomwazika kwambiri timagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati zonyamulira kuti zipangitse kumamatira ku zoipitsa m'madzi oyipa.Chifukwa kachulukidwe ka thovu laling'ono lomwe limamatira ku zoipitsa ndi locheperako lamadzi ndikuyandama, kulekanitsa kwamadzi olimba kapena kwamadzimadzi kumatheka.
Kuyandama kwa mpweya kumaphatikizapo kusungunuka kwa mpweya wosungunuka, kuyandama kwa mpweya, electrolysis air floatation ndi mankhwala oyandama mpweya, ndi zina zotero.
Air flotation njira ali ndi ubwino wa ndalama otsika, ndondomeko yosavuta, yokonza yabwino ndi otsika mphamvu mowa, koma sangathe bwino kuchotsa zoipitsa kusungunuka mu madzi oipa.
1.5 electrolysis
Electrolytic process ndikugwiritsa ntchito chidwi chapano, kutulutsa zochitika zingapo zamakina, kusintha zowononga zowononga m'madzi onyansa ndikuchotsedwa, zomwe zimachitika mu njira ya electrolyte ndi kudzera muzinthu za electrode ndi electrode reaction, kupanga zatsopano zachilengedwe. okosijeni wachilengedwe ndi haidrojeni [H] ndi zowononga madzi oyipa a REDOX reaction zimapanga kuchotsa koyipa.
Njira ya electrolysis imakhala yogwira ntchito kwambiri komanso yosavuta kugwiritsa ntchito madzi owonongeka.Nthawi yomweyo, njira ya electrolysis imatha kuchotsa bwino zinthu zamitundu m'madzi onyansa ndikuwongolera bwino kuwonongeka kwamadzi onyansa.
Chithunzi
2. Ukadaulo wapamwamba wa okosijeni
Ukadaulo wotsogola wa okosijeni, monga umisiri watsopano wothira madzi, uli ndi zabwino zambiri, monga kuwononga kwakukulu kwa zinthu zoipitsa, kuwonongeka kokwanira komanso kutulutsa koyipa kwazinthu zowononga komanso kusakhalanso ndi kuipitsa kwachiwiri.
Ukadaulo wotsogola wa okosijeni, womwe umadziwikanso kuti ukadaulo wakuya oxidation, ndiukadaulo wochiritsa thupi komanso mankhwala omwe amagwiritsa ntchito oxidizer, kuwala, magetsi, phokoso, maginito ndi chothandizira kuti apange ma free radicals (monga · OH) kuti awononge zowononga zowononga zachilengedwe.
Pankhani yamankhwala amadzi otayira amankhwala, ukadaulo wapamwamba wa okosijeni wakhala gawo lalikulu pakufufuza kwakukulu komanso chidwi.
Ukadaulo wapamwamba wa okosijeni makamaka umaphatikizapo makutidwe ndi okosijeni a electrochemical, okosijeni wamankhwala, okosijeni akupanga, okosijeni wonyowa, photocatalytic oxidation, composite catalytic oxidation, supercritical madzi oxidation ndiukadaulo wapamwamba kuphatikiza ukadaulo.
Chemical makutidwe ndi okosijeni njira ndi kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala okha kapena zinthu zina ndi oxidation wamphamvu kuti makutidwe ndi okosijeni zoipitsa organic mu madzi oipa kukwaniritsa cholinga kuchotsa zoipitsa, mankhwala njira makutidwe ndi okosijeni kuphatikizapo ozoni okosijeni, Fenton makutidwe ndi okosijeni njira ndi chonyowa chothandizira makutidwe ndi okosijeni njira.
2.1 Njira ya Fenton oxidation
Fenton oxidation njira ndi mtundu wa njira zapamwamba za okosijeni zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pakadali pano.Njirayi imagwiritsa ntchito mchere wa ferric (Fe2 + kapena Fe3 +) monga chothandizira kupanga ·OH ndi okosijeni amphamvu pansi pa chikhalidwe chowonjezera H2O2, chomwe chingathe kukhala ndi makutidwe ndi okosijeni ndi zowonongeka za organic popanda selectivity kuti akwaniritse kuwonongeka ndi mineralization ya zowononga.
Njirayi ili ndi ubwino wambiri, kuphatikizapo kufulumira kuchitapo kanthu, palibe kuipitsidwa kwachiwiri ndi okosijeni amphamvu, etc. Fenton makutidwe ndi okosijeni njira amagwiritsidwa ntchito pochiza mankhwala amadzi onyansa chifukwa chosasankha makutidwe ndi okosijeni mu ndondomeko ya okosijeni mankhwala ndi njira akhoza kuchepetsa kawopsedwe wa madzi oipa ndi makhalidwe ena.
2.2 Njira ya electrochemical oxidation
Electrochemical oxidation njira ndi kugwiritsa ntchito zipangizo zamagetsi kupanga superoxide free radical ·O2 ndi hydroxyl free radical ·OH, zonse zomwe zimakhala ndi makutidwe ndi okosijeni ambiri, zimatha kutulutsa zinthu zachilengedwe m'madzi onyansa, ndikukwaniritsa cholinga chochotsa zowononga.
Komabe, njirayi ili ndi makhalidwe ogwiritsira ntchito mphamvu zambiri komanso kukwera mtengo.
2.3 Photocatalytic oxidation
Photocatalytic oxidation ndiukadaulo wothandiza kwambiri paukadaulo wochiritsa madzi, womwe umagwiritsa ntchito zida zothandizira (monga TiO2, SrO2, WO3, SnO2, ndi zina zotero) monga zonyamulira zonyamula makutidwe ndi okosijeni ambiri ochepetsa zowononga m'madzi oyipa, kuti kuti akwaniritse cholinga chochotsa zowononga.
Chifukwa chakuti mankhwala ambiri omwe ali m'madzi otayira a mankhwala ndi zinthu za polar zomwe zimakhala ndi magulu a acidic kapena zinthu za polar zomwe zili ndi magulu amchere, zinthu zoterezi zikhoza kuwonongedwa mwachindunji kapena mosadziwika bwino ndi kuwala.
2.4 Supercritical madzi oxidation
Supercritical water oxidation (SCWO) ndi mtundu waukadaulo wochiritsa madzi womwe umatenga madzi ngati sing'anga ndikugwiritsa ntchito mawonekedwe apadera amadzi mumkhalidwe wapamwamba kwambiri kuti apititse patsogolo momwe amachitira ndikuzindikira makutidwe ndi okosijeni wathunthu.
2.5 MwaukadauloZida makutidwe ndi okosijeni pamodzi luso
Tekinoloje iliyonse yapamwamba ya okosijeni imagwiritsa ntchito malire ake, kuti athandizire kukonza bwino kwa madzi oyipa, njira zamakono zotsogola zimasonkhanitsidwa pamodzi, kupanga kuphatikiza kwaukadaulo wapamwamba wa okosijeni, kapena ukadaulo umodzi wapamwamba wa okosijeni wophatikizidwa ndi matekinoloje ena kukhala atsopano. luso patsogolo luso makutidwe ndi okosijeni ndi zotsatira mankhwala ndi kukumana kusintha madzi khalidwe lalikulu kalasi mankhwala zinyalala mankhwala madzi.
UV-Fenton, UV-H2O2, UV-O3, akupanga photocatalysis, adamulowetsa mpweya photocatalysis, mayikirowevu photocatalysis ndi photocatalysis, ndi zina zotero.
Ozone activated carbon process, O3-H2O2 ndi UV-O3, kuchokera pamankhwala amadzi onyansa osakanizidwa ndi kugwiritsa ntchito uinjiniya, O3-H2O2 ndi UV-O3 ali ndi kuthekera kokulirapo.
The wamba Fenton kuphatikiza ndondomeko zikuphatikizapo micro-electrolysis Fenton njira, chitsulo filings H2O2 njira, photochemical Fenton njira (monga njira ya dzuwa Fenton, UV-Fenton njira, etc.), koma magetsi Fenton njira ntchito kwambiri.
Chithunzi
3. Ukadaulo wamankhwala achilengedwe
Ukadaulo wamankhwala am'madzi am'madzi ndiye ukadaulo waukulu pakuwongolera madzi onyansa, kudzera mukukula kwa tizilombo tating'onoting'ono, kagayidwe kachakudya, kubereka ndi njira zina zowola zinthu zamoyo m'madzi onyansa, kupeza mphamvu zawo zomwe zikufunika ndikukwaniritsa cholinga chochotsa zinthu zachilengedwe.
3.1 Ukadaulo wamankhwala a Anaerobic
Anaerobic kwachilengedwenso mankhwala luso ndi pakalibe maselo okosijeni chilengedwe, ntchito anaerobic mabakiteriya kagayidwe, kudzera m`kati hydrolytic acidification, haidrojeni kupanga asidi asidi ndi methane kupanga ndi njira zina kutembenuza macromolecules, zovuta amanyoza organic nkhani mu CH4, CO2 , H2O ndi zinthu zazing'ono zamamolekyu.
Madzi otayira opangira mankhwala nthawi zambiri amakhala ndi zinthu zambiri za cyclic refractory organic, zomwe sizingasokonezedwe mwachindunji ndikugwiritsidwa ntchito ndi mabakiteriya a aerobic, motero ukadaulo waposachedwa wa anaerobic wakhala njira yayikulu yopangira mankhwala amadzi onyansa kunyumba ndi kunja [43] .
Anaerobic kwachilengedwenso mankhwala luso zambiri ubwino: anaerobic riyakitala ntchito ndondomeko safuna kupereka aeration, mowa mphamvu ndi otsika;
Kuchuluka kwa organic kwamadzi okhudzidwa ndi anaerobic nthawi zambiri kumakhala kokwera.
Zofunikira zochepa za michere;
The sludge zokolola za anaerobic riyakitala ndi otsika, ndi sludge mosavuta dehydrate.
Methane yopangidwa munjira ya anaerobic imatha kubwezeretsedwanso ngati mphamvu.
Komabe, madzi otayira a anaerobic sangathe kutayidwa molingana ndi muyezo, ndipo amayenera kuthandizidwanso powaphatikiza ndi njira zina.Komabe, ukadaulo wa anaerobic biological treatment umakhudzidwa ndi pH mtengo, kutentha ndi zinthu zina.Ngati kusinthasintha kuli kwakukulu, machitidwe a anaerobic amakhudzidwa mwachindunji, ndiyeno mtundu wa utsi umakhudzidwa.
3.2 Ukadaulo wa chithandizo chamankhwala a aerobic
Ukadaulo wamankhwala a aerobic ndi ukadaulo wazidziwitso wachilengedwe womwe umagwiritsa ntchito kuwonongeka kwa okosijeni ndi kaphatikizidwe ka mabakiteriya a aerobic kuchotsa zinthu zomwe zawonongeka.Pakukula ndi kagayidwe kazinthu za aerobic, kuchuluka kwa kubalana kudzachitika, komwe kumatulutsa matope atsopano.Dongosolo lowonjezera lomwe latsegulidwa lidzatulutsidwa kudzera mumtundu wa matope otsalira, ndipo madzi onyansawo adzayeretsedwa nthawi yomweyo.

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